Myxococcus xanthus has a unique developmental program with parallels in mammalian physiology and human health. The major metabolic products of early development are triglycerides that are stored in intracellular vesicles similar to those in mammalian adipose tissue. Cells inside the fruiting body have two principle fates. Programmed cell death (PCD), the fate of 80% of the cells, involves MazF toxin-mediated degradation of RNA. The remaining cells sporulate with the help of the MrpC antitoxin, a major developmental transcription factor. The decision to lyse or sporulate is mediated by three cell signals that also regulate synthesis of triglycerides. Lipid bodies in prespores are consumed for carbon and energy during spore maturation. Lipid bodies in cells undergoing PCD are released into the fruiting body where they regulate development. The proposal addresses two questions. First, what are the lipid morphogens? This work will identify the E-signal, the C-signal, and lipid chemoattractants in the first three specific aims through similar experimental approaches. The signals will be purified using bioassays involving mutants that are unable to produce the signals, identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then synthesized to prove that the synthetic structure has the activity. The second problem addressed by the proposal concerns the manner in which these signals determine cell fate.
Specific aim 4 will examine the sensory pathway with a particular focus on the effect of each signal on the toxin/antitoxin interaction. When the toxin and antitoxin are balanced cells fail to choose a fate. We hypothesis that certain signals induce PCD by producing more free toxin while other signals stimulate sporulation by producing more antitoxin. This application is innovative because it will assemble up to four essential pieces in the puzzle of M. xanthus fruiting body morphogenesis and cell fate commitment. We expect to find that development flows in large measure out of the synthesis and utilization of lipid body lipids. Such lipids are an essential feature of mammalian development and homeostasis. This system may reveal novel regulatory strategies that are as yet undiscovered in mammals.
Myxococcus xanthus is a model system for the study of lipid bodies, intracellular vesicles resembling those found in mammalian adipose tissue whose triglycerides are responsible for human obesity. M. xanthus lipid body lipids also contain plasmalogens, phospholipids found in brain, kidney, and testes whose function in humans remains unknown. This work may reveal novel structural and regulatory strategies in Myxococcus that have as yet undiscovered counterpoints in regulating lipid metabolism in mammalian tissues.
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| Bhat, Swapna; Boynton, Tye O; Pham, Dan et al. (2014) Fatty acids from membrane lipids become incorporated into lipid bodies during Myxococcus xanthus differentiation. PLoS One 9:e99622 |
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| Bhat, Swapna; Ahrendt, Tilman; Dauth, Christina et al. (2014) Two lipid signals guide fruiting body development of Myxococcus xanthus. MBio 5:e00939-13 |
| Boynton, Tye O; McMurry, Jonathan L; Shimkets, Lawrence J (2013) Characterization of Myxococcus xanthus MazF and implications for a new point of regulation. Mol Microbiol 87:1267-76 |
