Apart from members of the ABC superfamily, organic anion transporters such as Oat1, first identified by the PI's lab, may well be the most important xenobiotic and multi-specific metabolite transporters in the body. Oats are believed to be critical for regulating the distribution of drugs, toxins and metabolites between the CSF, blood, urine and other body fluids. In this RESUBMISSION application, we propose to employ in silico, in vitro, structural biological and in vivo methods to provide a comprehensive picture of substrate-transporter interactions and to validate this using assays that are relatively unique to the PI's group. Thus the group has multiple in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches working, and our collaborator (Dr. Chang) is one of the premier structural biologists in the field of drug transport So far a """"""""full circuit"""""""" of in silico-in vitro-in vivo analysis of any of the non-ABC mammalian drug transporters has not been performed, and we argue that we are in an ideal position to do this. We plan to use ligand and transporter-based computational modeling, with which we have extensive experience, to identify the molecular determinants which target substrates for uptake and handling via Oat1 (SA1, to be done with collaborators at the San Diego Supercomputer). Virtual screening of chemical structural libraries using pharmacophores will then be done, followed by wet lab validation of compounds. We will also crystallize and determine the high-resolution x-ray structure of Oat1 in collaboration with Dr. Chang (involving both his laboratory and TransportPDB, a component of the NIH Protein Structural Initiative) to gain key insights into the structural requirements for its substrate binding and transport (SA2). In SA3, we propose to further validate our analysis of substrate-transporter interactions (from SA1 and SA2) by testing predictions of inhibition of Oat1 transport by in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis (in comparison with the OAT1 knockout in which we have previously shown both aberrant systemic metabolism as well as defective drug and toxin handling). The results of these studies could also have broad implications for understanding the role of Oat1 in whole body and tissue-specific metabolism (quite apart from potentially leading to inhibitors that prolong drug half-life). We have tried to address all the prior criticisms, focusing on clarifying the """"""""Significance,"""""""" """"""""Innovation"""""""" and """"""""Approach,"""""""" and we have provided preliminary data for the crystallization aim. We have also published many relevant """"""""computational-wet lab papers"""""""" in 2010-2011. In one of these papers, we describe the use of pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening to identify a novel high-affinity inhibitor that was preliminarily validated in a transport assay;this high-affinity inhibior may also aid in obtaining an Oat1 substrate-bound structure. Perhaps unique for this field, the PI has brought together world-class experts (all at UCSD or Scripps) whose labs regularly use the proposed methods. Also discussed are """"""""alternative"""""""" computational and wet lab approaches in case the primary approach is less successful than anticipated.

Public Health Relevance

The elimination of a number of common drugs, toxins and physiological metabolites depends upon transporters in the kidney. How these substrates and the transporter interact in the process of elimination is not known. Here we seek to investigate this, as well as identify specific inhibitors of one of these transporters.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01GM098449-01A1
Application #
8295890
Study Section
Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney Study Section (CMBK)
Program Officer
Okita, Richard T
Project Start
2012-03-05
Project End
2016-02-28
Budget Start
2012-03-05
Budget End
2013-02-28
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$482,346
Indirect Cost
$115,346
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
Bush, Kevin T; Wu, Wei; Lun, Christina et al. (2017) The drug transporter OAT3 (SLC22A8) and endogenous metabolite communication via the gut-liver-kidney axis. J Biol Chem 292:15789-15803
Liu, Henry C; Goldenberg, Anne; Chen, Yuchen et al. (2016) Molecular Properties of Drugs Interacting with SLC22 Transporters OAT1, OAT3, OCT1, and OCT2: A Machine-Learning Approach. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 359:215-29
Liu, Henry C; Jamshidi, Neema; Chen, Yuchen et al. (2016) An Organic Anion Transporter 1 (OAT1)-centered Metabolic Network. J Biol Chem 291:19474-86
Bhatnagar, Vibha; Richard, Erin L; Wu, Wei et al. (2016) Analysis of ABCG2 and other urate transporters in uric acid homeostasis in chronic kidney disease: potential role of remote sensing and signaling. Clin Kidney J 9:444-53
Martovetsky, Gleb; Bush, Kevin T; Nigam, Sanjay K (2016) Kidney versus Liver Specification of SLC and ABC Drug Transporters, Tight Junction Molecules, and Biomarkers. Drug Metab Dispos 44:1050-60
Brouwer, K L R; Aleksunes, L M; Brandys, B et al. (2015) Human Ontogeny of Drug Transporters: Review and Recommendations of the Pediatric Transporter Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 98:266-87
Nigam, Sanjay K; Wu, Wei; Bush, Kevin T et al. (2015) Handling of Drugs, Metabolites, and Uremic Toxins by Kidney Proximal Tubule Drug Transporters. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2039-49
Nigam, Sanjay K (2015) What do drug transporters really do? Nat Rev Drug Discov 14:29-44
Wu, Wei; Bush, Kevin T; Liu, Henry C et al. (2015) Shared Ligands Between Organic Anion Transporters (OAT1 and OAT6) and Odorant Receptors. Drug Metab Dispos 43:1855-63
Zhu, Christopher; Nigam, Kabir B; Date, Rishabh C et al. (2015) Evolutionary Analysis and Classification of OATs, OCTs, OCTNs, and Other SLC22 Transporters: Structure-Function Implications and Analysis of Sequence Motifs. PLoS One 10:e0140569

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