Abstract

This proposal aims to develop in silico models for aldehyde oxidase (AOX) binding affinities (Aim 1), and in vivo human clearance (Aim 2). Three compounds have failed recently in clinical trials as a result of the lack of knowledge of AOX metabolism prior to entering humans. One of these compounds led to kidney toxicity in the test subjects. These failures are a result of the inability of any preclinical species to predict AOX metabolism. Furthermore, it has been reported that human cytosol can also fail to accurately predict in vivo human clearance. Preliminary results support our efforts to accurately predict human clearance using in silico methods. We were able to predict human clearance with a reasonable amount of accuracy (r2 = 0.8) for 8 compounds that have been administered to humans. We also provide preliminary results for the inhibition of AOX for 8 compounds. All but one of these compounds show complex inhibition kinetics. From the inhibition results, we are able to determine that two compounds, clozapine and chlorpromazine, have high enough affinities to show drug-drug interactions.
In Aim 1, we will develop quantitative structure inhibition relationships (QSIR) using data from 100 inhibitors of AOX. These QSIR models will have multiple uses, one of which will be predicting potential drug-drug interactions.
In Aim 2, we will refine our models for AOX clearance. Again, these models will have multiple uses, and provide a strong understanding of how these enzymes work in drug metabolism. We hypothesize that the models from Aim 1 and Aim 2 can be used in drug development to help eliminate drug failures.

Public Health Relevance

Our knowledge of the drug metabolizing enzyme aldehyde oxidase is very weak and this has lead to a number of failures in drug development, with 3 being reported over the past year. Failures in clinical trials put people's lives in danger during the tral, and can stop or slow the development of new drugs. This grant will provide tools that can be used to help decrease failures in clinical trials.

  Funding Agency

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM100874-03
Application #
8643264
Study Section
Xenobiotic and Nutrient Disposition and Action Study Section (XNDA)
Program Officer
Okita, Richard T
Project Start
2012-06-01
Project End
2016-03-31
Budget Start
2014-04-01
Budget End
2015-03-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$258,450
Indirect Cost
$84,450

  Institution

Name
Washington State University
Department
Chemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
041485301
City
Pullman
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
99164

  Publications

Paragas, Erickson M; Humphreys, Sara C; Min, Joshua et al. (2017) ecoAO: A Simple System for the Study of Human Aldehyde Oxidases Role in Drug Metabolism. ACS Omega 2:4820-4827
Paragas, Erickson M; Humphreys, Sara C; Min, Joshua et al. (2017) The two faces of aldehyde oxidase: Oxidative and reductive transformations of 5-nitroquinoline. Biochem Pharmacol 145:210-217
Sodhi, Jasleen K; Wong, Susan; Kirkpatrick, Donald S et al. (2015) A novel reaction mediated by human aldehyde oxidase: amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834. Drug Metab Dispos 43:908-15
Choughule, Kanika V; Joswig-Jones, Carolyn A; Jones, Jeffrey P (2015) Interspecies differences in the metabolism of methotrexate: An insight into the active site differences between human and rabbit aldehyde oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol 96:288-95
Barr, John T; Jones, Jeffrey P; Oberlies, Nicholas H et al. (2015) Inhibition of human aldehyde oxidase activity by diet-derived constituents: structural influence, enzyme-ligand interactions, and clinical relevance. Drug Metab Dispos 43:34-41
Choughule, Kanika V; Barnaba, Carlo; Joswig-Jones, Carolyn A et al. (2014) In vitro oxidative metabolism of 6-mercaptopurine in human liver: insights into the role of the molybdoflavoenzymes aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. Drug Metab Dispos 42:1334-40
Barr, John T; Choughule, Kanika V; Nepal, Sahadev et al. (2014) Why do most human liver cytosol preparations lack xanthine oxidase activity? Drug Metab Dispos 42:695-9
Barr, John T; Choughule, Kanika; Jones, Jeffrey P (2014) Enzyme kinetics, inhibition, and regioselectivity of aldehyde oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 1113:167-86
Nagar, Swati; Jones, Jeffrey P; Korzekwa, Ken (2014) A numerical method for analysis of in vitro time-dependent inhibition data. Part 1. Theoretical considerations. Drug Metab Dispos 42:1575-86
Weidert, E R; Schoenborn, S O; Cantu-Medellin, N et al. (2014) Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by the aldehyde oxidase inhibitor raloxifene: implications for identifying molybdopterin nitrite reductases. Nitric Oxide 37:41-5

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