The goals of this study are to investigate the mechanisms by which soft metals, cystine import, and cysteine accumulation can perturb the fitness of Escherichia coli. These three distinct stresses are connected by the central involvement of cysteine chemistry. Soft metals are present in many habitats, where they comprise a threat to bacteria and higher organisms alike. Their toxicity is underscored by the distribution throughout the biota of dedicated detoxification systems that bind and export them. Some of these metals- notably silver and mercury-have a long history of being used as antibiotics. Nevertheless, we have little knowledge of how they actually damage cells. In recent published work we demonstrated that copper poisons E. coli primarily by inactivating Fe/S-dependent dehydratases. It does so by binding the cysteine residues that coordinate the catalytic iron-sulfur clusters of these enzymes, thereby displacing the iron atoms. Preliminary data demonstrate that silver, mercury, cadmium, and zinc have this effect in vitro, too. This study (Aim 1) will test whether these soft metals exert their toxicity through this mechanism in vivo. It will also determine whether soft metals similarly displace iron from mononuclear enzymes, which employ coordinating groups-often including cysteine-that prefer metals other than iron.
Aim 2 focuses upon a separate sulfur problem: the risk of disulfide stress when cystine is imported from aerobic environments. Disulfide stress has conventionally been thought to arise from reactive oxygen species, but recent data do not support this idea. However, disulfide stress is a real risk when cells rapidly import disulfide compounds, such as cystine. In principle such an event would seem likely to propagate disulfide bonds to cytoplasmic proteins. Our study of the high-flux transporter suggests that cystine import is linked to reduction, a tacti that would avoid the release of this disulfide into the cytoplasm.
In Aim 2 this model will be rigorously tested.
Aim 3 addresses the consequence of rapid cystine import: the excessive accumulation of cysteine, which is toxic in its own right. Our data reveals that E. coli deals with this problem by pumping the cysteine back out of the cell. This investigation will test three plausible mechanisms of cysteine toxicity, and it will identify the exporter(s) that averts it. Collectively this work will illuminate chemical problems that arise from the redox activity and metal affinity of cysteine, as well as the strategies that cells have acquired to protect themselve from it. All three of these sulfur-focused stresses-soft-metal exposure, disulfide import, and cysteine accumulation-occur under conditions that are likely to exist in natural habitats.

Public Health Relevance

The bacteriocidal actions of soft metals have long been exploited, from the administration of mercury as an antibiotic to the coating of catheters with silver. This study seeks to illuminate how these metals exert their effects-which may enable workers to refine how they are employed. We also will examine how E. coli strives to minimize the intracellular concentrations of both disulfide and free-cysteine species. The loss of this control comprises a type of oxidative stress that is believed to contribute to a wide variety of human pathologies.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM101012-04
Application #
8894525
Study Section
Prokaryotic Cell and Molecular Biology Study Section (PCMB)
Program Officer
Reddy, Michael K
Project Start
2012-05-01
Project End
2016-02-29
Budget Start
2015-03-01
Budget End
2016-02-29
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$247,659
Indirect Cost
$87,659
Name
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
041544081
City
Champaign
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
61820
Korshunov, Sergey; Imlay, James A (2018) Quantification of Hydrogen Sulfide and Cysteine Excreted by Bacterial Cells. Bio Protoc 8:
Li, Xin; Imlay, James A (2018) Improved measurements of scant hydrogen peroxide enable experiments that define its threshold of toxicity for Escherichia coli. Free Radic Biol Med 120:217-227
Korshunov, Sergey; Imlay, Karin R C; Imlay, James A (2016) The cytochrome bd oxidase of Escherichia coli prevents respiratory inhibition by endogenous and exogenous hydrogen sulfide. Mol Microbiol 101:62-77
Chonoles Imlay, Karin R; Korshunov, Sergey; Imlay, James A (2015) Physiological Roles and Adverse Effects of the Two Cystine Importers of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 197:3629-44
Martin, Julia E; Waters, Lauren S; Storz, Gisela et al. (2015) The Escherichia coli small protein MntS and exporter MntP optimize the intracellular concentration of manganese. PLoS Genet 11:e1004977
Imlay, James A (2015) Transcription Factors That Defend Bacteria Against Reactive Oxygen Species. Annu Rev Microbiol 69:93-108
Imlay, James A (2014) The mismetallation of enzymes during oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 289:28121-8
Sobota, Jason M; Gu, Mianzhi; Imlay, James A (2014) Intracellular hydrogen peroxide and superoxide poison 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase, the first committed enzyme in the aromatic biosynthetic pathway of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 196:1980-91
Gu, Mianzhi; Imlay, James A (2013) Superoxide poisons mononuclear iron enzymes by causing mismetallation. Mol Microbiol 89:123-34
Imlay, James A (2013) The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of oxidative stress: lessons from a model bacterium. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:443-54

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