Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of injury-related death in patients under the age of 46 years. Survivors of the initial brain injury face numerous extracranial complications that are a major determinant of long-term outcome and impede their most productive years of life. Post-TBI pulmonary infection rate is as high as 50-60% and results in an infection-related mortality rate of ~30%. Additionally, after severe TBI, the parasympathetic nervous system is activated to attenuate the systemic inflammatory response and may prevent some post-TBI, non-brain end-organ injury. However, parasympathetic nervous system activation may be maladaptive and result in dysregulation of alveolar macrophage and neutrophil immune function within the lung. Our preliminary data reveal increased mortality after post-TBI pneumonia that is ?7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (?7nAChR)-dependent. ?7nAChR activation inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) and nuclear factor-?? (NF- ??) activation in alveolar macrophages. Additionally, ?7nAChR activation inhibits phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by alveolar macrophages. Interestingly, female patients have a lower incidence of post-TBI lung infection compared to males with equivalent TBI severity. Female mice have lower mortality and decreased lung bacterial burden after post-TBI pneumonia compared to males. Oophorectomized females have a post-TBI P. aeruginosa-induced pneumonia mortality rate similar to males and males that receive estrogen after TBI and just before onset of bacterial pneumonia have improved survival. Finally, estrogen inhibits the effects of ?7nAChR activation and restores appropriate TNF-? release, NF- ?? activation and phagocytic function. Thus, the question of how estrogen alleviates the ?7nAChR-dependent maladaptive response and improves survival from secondary pneumonia in TBI patients is of great clinical importance. Based on our preliminary data, we use a reverse translational approach to hypothesize that parasympathetic-induced, ?7nAChR-mediated dysregulation of alveolar macrophage and neutrophil immune function leads to decreased lung bacterial clearance and survival in post-TBI P. aeruginosa-induced lung infection and is alleviated by estrogen. To test this hypothesis, we propose three specific aims:
(Aim 1) ?7nAChR activation leads to a dysregulated, maladaptive innate immune response leading to decreased lung bacterial clearance and survival after post-TBI P. aeruginosa infection;
(Aim 2) Sex differences in parasympathetic-induced ?7nAChR maladaptive signaling leading to lung innate immune dysfunction are alleviated by estrogen;
(Aim 3) Examine the sex differences in response to ?7nAChR activation of innate immune cells after TBI in humans. These findings will elucidate maladaptive ?7nAChR signaling and its molecular mechanisms leading to decreased lung innate immune function in post- TBI bacterial pneumonia and may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to reverse these effects and improve post-TBI patient mortality and long-term outcomes during their most productive years of life.

Public Health Relevance

Bacterial pneumonia after severe TBI is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients <46 years old that has detrimental effects on long-term outcome during their most productive years of life. Furthermore, clinical studies and our preliminary data suggest that ?7nAChR-mediated signaling may be responsible for decreased lung innate immunity, there are physiologic sex differences in ?7nAChR activation and estrogen may alleviate maladaptive ?7nAChR signaling. In this application, we will study the effects of ?7nAChR- medaited innate immune dysfunction, sex differences therein and estrogen as a pharmaceutical strategy to prevent post-TBI bacterial pneumonia in male and post-menopausal females.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01GM127584-01A1
Application #
9659138
Study Section
Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma Study Section (SAT)
Program Officer
Somers, Scott D
Project Start
2018-09-21
Project End
2023-08-31
Budget Start
2018-09-21
Budget End
2019-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Alabama Birmingham
Department
Anesthesiology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
063690705
City
Birmingham
State
AL
Country
United States
Zip Code
35294