The long-term objective of this research program is to develop imaging approaches to enable the next generation of mechanistic studies in synthetic chemistry. The overall objective for this application is to determine the mechanistic roles of additives and solvents in enabling the direct insertion reactions of organohalides to commercial metal powders, through the development of sensitive fluorescence microscopy techniques. The direct insertion of organohalides to commercial metal powders would be the most convenient, atom-economical, and potentially cost effective synthesis for a wide range of organometallic reagents and catalysts across the periodic table, but it currently works for only a few metals (e.g., magnesium to make Grignard reagents). The generalization of this direct insertion process has long been hampered by the resistance of most commercial metal powders toward oxidative addition. Specific solvents or additives such as salts cause a handful of initially unreactive metals to become active (e.g., indium or zinc with lithium chloride in the ?Knochel protocol?). The mechanistic roles of these additives and solvents, however, are largely unknown. This lack of knowledge arises from the difficulty in detecting small quantities of intermediates in the field of mechanistic chemistry, and this lack is limiting the development of direct insertion reactions for stoichiometric and catalytic systems. Both of these gaps are overcome by the experiments in this proposal with fluorescence microscopy. The central hypothesis is that new intermediates that provide guiding insight into the synthesis of organometallic reagents and into the development of catalytic reactions can be discovered through sensitive fluorescence microscopy with novel imaging agents. This approach is innovative because it develops tools for mechanistic investigations at the single-molecule and -particle level, whereas traditional mechanistic tools are best suited to measuring only the major components in mixtures. The central hypothesis will be tested by pursuing three specific aims: 1) Determine the mechanistic origin of the salt and solvent effects on the direct insertion reactions of organohalides to commercial metal powders of aluminum, indium, and zinc, and use this knowledge to expand synthetic access to organoindium reagents from organochlorides; 2) Determine the role of salts in the formation of organozinc reagents from Rieke zinc; and 3) Identify additives that enable direct insertion to commercial copper and palladium powders, wherein such additive effects are essentially unknown. The impact of the proposed experiments is two-fold: 1) They will provide guiding mechanistic information for the development of synthetically useful reactions directly from commercial metal powders, and 2) They will develop new mechanistic tools for synthetic chemists with sensitivity as high as single-molecule detection. These studies will be among the first of any such single-molecule/-particle fluorescence microscopy studies in organic chemistry, and include the first 3D-superresolution and two-reagent/two-color multistep mechanistic studies in this field, opening new areas of research for the synthetic chemistry community.
The new methods that will result from the proposed research are relevant to public health because they enable efficient routes from simple building blocks to biologically active compounds, significantly facilitating the preparation of compounds for drug discovery. The project is relevant to NIGMS?s mission because the increased accessibility of these pharmaceutical candidates lays the foundation for advances in disease treatment.
