One of the clear implications of psychobiological research is the importance of early events in shaping subsequent development. Observation and manipulation of rodent fetuses has permitted investigation of the process of prenatal behavioral development, and has traced the developmental origins of learning and memory to the prenatal period. The fetal rat model presents advantages over neonatal study, because the fetus lacks experience with stimuli associated with suckling or maternal behavior. The fetus also can be maintained in an experimental setting that does not require active behavioral care by the mother. The rat fetus provides a simple mammalian system for experimental investigation of how associations are acquired and memories are stored within an incomplete nervous system that undergoes constant and rapid change during early ontogeny. Prenatal sensory experience is controlled by presentation of stimuli to individual fetal subjects against a relatively stable sensory background. This proposal introduces tactile and chemosensory stimuli that mimic important features of the neonatal environment, including an artificial nipple and milk. These stimuli reliably evoke behavioral and physiological responses from naive fetal subjects, including activation of the fetal opioid system by milk, and can support fetal learning through their association. Opioid activity also can be manipulated by administration of selective agonist and antagonist drugs to individual fetal subjects. Responses of the fetus are measured by observing motor behavior, including coordinated action patterns. Species-typical motor responses will serve as behavioral bioassays for measuring opioid involvement in fetal associative learning and memory. This program of research will investigate (a) the acquisition of conditioning, (b) the specificity of fetal responses to the artificial nipple, (c) effects of conditioning on opioid responses evoked by milk, (d) memory and retention of experiences with the nipple, and (e) ontogenetic changes in opioid involvement in fetal learning. The use of ecologically relevant and developmentally appropriate sensory manipulations to study fetal learning provides a means for quantitative assessment of the integrated output of the developing nervous system in the intact animal.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01HD016102-11
Application #
3568014
Study Section
Psychobiology and Behavior Review Committee (PYB)
Project Start
1982-04-01
Project End
1996-08-31
Budget Start
1993-09-01
Budget End
1994-08-31
Support Year
11
Fiscal Year
1993
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
State University of NY, Binghamton
Department
Type
DUNS #
090189965
City
Binghamton
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
13902
Bacher, Leigh F; Smotherman, William P (2004) Systematic temporal variation in the rate of spontaneous eye blinking in human infants. Dev Psychobiol 44:140-5
Bacher, Leigh F; Smotherman, William P (2004) Spontaneous eye blinking in human infants: a review. Dev Psychobiol 44:95-102
Smotherman, William P (2003) Classical conditioning in the rat fetus. III. Retention, extinction, and re-activation of the conditioned response (CR). Dev Psychobiol 42:181-93
Smotherman, William P (2002) Early experience with the artificial nipple. Dev Psychobiol 41:1-14
Smotherman, William P (2002) Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: involvement of mu and kappa opioid systems in the conditioned response. Dev Psychobiol 40:104-15
Smotherman, William P (2002) Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: temporal characteristics and behavioral correlates of the conditioned response. Dev Psychobiol 40:116-30
Bacher, L F; Smotherman, W P; Robertson, S S (2001) Effects of warmth on newborn rats' motor activity and oral responsiveness to an artificial nipple. Behav Neurosci 115:675-82
Petrov, E S; Varlinskaya, E I; Smotherman, W P (2000) The first suckling episode in the rat: the role of endogenous activity at mu and kappa opioid receptors. Dev Psychobiol 37:129-43
Bacher, L F; Robertson, S S; Smotherman, W P (2000) An intrinsic source of behavioral regulation that influences discrete responses to cues important for the initiation of suckling. Behav Neurosci 114:594-601
Petrov, E S; Nizhnikov, M E; Smotherman, W P (2000) Milk delivery schedules and stomach preloading alter patterns of suckling behavior by newborn rats on a surrogate nipple. Behav Neurosci 114:783-96

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