Lymph transport occurs against a hydrostatic pressure gradient and thus relies critically on the intrinsic contractile function of lymphatic muscle, the lymphatic pump. Failure of this pump system is associated with many types of lymphedema. Little is known about why lymphatic vessels become dysfunctional, but clinical studies reveal an elevated lymphatic diastolic pressure, enlarged diameter, impaired or absent contractions, and what appear to be incompetent valves. Collectively these findings point to underlying problems with the lymphatic pacemaker, pump and valves. In this proposal we will test the mechanisms leading to contraction and valve dysfunction at pressures experienced by the lymph pump during the development of lymphedema. Recently we developed methods to measure the membrane potential of lymphatic smooth muscle (LSM) in isolated, pressurized mouse lymphatics and patch clamp methods to study selected ion currents in LSM cells. We will apply those methods to transgenic mouse models to study the ionic basis of the electrical pacemaker that drives spontaneous and pressure-regulated contractions. Our preliminary results challenge the existing dogma about the pacemaking mechanism in LSM and suggest it is controlled by interactions between voltage- gated Ca2+ channels and KCNQ K+ channels. Our new data show the same channels operate in human LSM. We have developed methods to test valve and pump function in isolated single lymphangions from the mouse when the vessel is subjected to increasing output pressure, simulating the load on a vessel in a dependent extremity. Our results provide new insights into how the lymph pump fails when pressure is elevated. The pump either gradually weakens until it cannot eject, or the output valve locks open catastrophically. Importantly, we find that both types of pump failure can be corrected by the administration of norepinephrine (NE) to activate the pacemaker while preserving contractile strength and tone for normal valve gating. Although pump failure occurs in some normal vessels subjected to elevated pressure, susceptibility to failure is increased of mice deficient in the transcription factor FOXC2, which controls the development and maintenance of lymphatic valves. Foxc2+/- mice recapitulate the human disease lymphedema distichiasis. Our central hypothesis is that lymphatic pacemaking, pump strength, and valve function are closely interrelated such that failure of any one disables the lymph pump and leads to lymphedema. We propose that pump dysfunction can be rescued by pharmacological intervention in normal, Foxc2+/- and inducible Foxc2-/- mice. This hypothesis will be tested by 3 aims: 1) Determine the ionic basis of the lymphatic action potential and pacemaking. 2) Determine the ionic mechanisms by which pressure modulates the lymphatic pacemaker. 3) Determine the mechanisms by which NE modulates the lymphatic pacemaker and can rescue a lymphatic vessel that is made dysfunctional by an elevated pressure load or valve defect. This approach to treating a failed lymph pump represents a potential new strategy for treating a key underlying cause of lymphedema.
Lymphedema affects over 10 million people annually in the USA, yet surprising little is known about how and why the lymphatic system becomes dysfunctional in lymphedema. Like the heart, spontaneous pumping of lymphatic vessels returns lymph centrally and this pumping is driven by an intrinsic pacemaker system, which appears to fail in lymphedema. This project will uses several knock-out mouse models to 1) study the ionic mechanisms controlling the lymphatic pacemaker; and 2) to simulate the human disease lymphedema distichiasis, a form of primary lymphedema in which valves in the lymphatic system are missing or improperly formed, resulting in an inefficient lymph pump and severe edema in the extremities during standing. We will test the efficacy of pharmacological approaches to treating the lymphatic pacemaker and pump because rescue of the failed pump could represent a potential new strategy for treating some forms of lymphedema, as opposed to the palliative measures currently used.
| Zawieja, Scott D; Castorena-Gonzalez, Jorge A; Scallan, Joshua P et al. (2018) Differences in L-type Ca2+ channel activity partially underlie the regional dichotomy in pumping behavior by murine peripheral and visceral lymphatic vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 314:H991-H1010 |
| Hald, Bjørn Olav; Castorena-Gonzalez, Jorge Augusto; Zawieja, Scott David et al. (2018) Electrical Communication in Lymphangions. Biophys J 115:936-949 |
| Cha, Boksik; Geng, Xin; Mahamud, Md Riaj et al. (2018) Complementary Wnt Sources Regulate Lymphatic Vascular Development via PROX1-Dependent Wnt/?-Catenin Signaling. Cell Rep 25:571-584.e5 |
| Bertram, C D; Macaskill, C; Davis, M J et al. (2017) Valve-related modes of pump failure in collecting lymphatics: numerical and experimental investigation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 16:1987-2003 |
| Behringer, Erik J; Scallan, Joshua P; Jafarnejad, Mohammad et al. (2017) Calcium and electrical dynamics in lymphatic endothelium. J Physiol 595:7347-7368 |
| Zawieja, Scott D; Castorena-Gonzalez, Jorge A; Dixon, Brandon et al. (2017) Experimental Models Used to Assess Lymphatic Contractile Function. Lymphat Res Biol 15:331-342 |
| Jamalian, Samira; Jafarnejad, Mohammad; Zawieja, Scott D et al. (2017) Demonstration and Analysis of the Suction Effect for Pumping Lymph from Tissue Beds at Subatmospheric Pressure. Sci Rep 7:12080 |
| Jung, Eunson; Gardner, Daniel; Choi, Dongwon et al. (2017) Development and Characterization of A Novel Prox1-EGFP Lymphatic and Schlemm's Canal Reporter Rat. Sci Rep 7:5577 |
| Davis, Michael J (2016) Is nitric oxide important for the diastolic phase of the lymphatic contraction/relaxation cycle? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E105 |
| Scallan, Joshua P; Zawieja, Scott D; Castorena-Gonzalez, Jorge A et al. (2016) Lymphatic pumping: mechanics, mechanisms and malfunction. J Physiol 594:5749-5768 |
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