Patients living with sickle cell anemia (SCA) are at high risk for morbidity and mortality associated with renal disease. To improve the clinical outcomes for SCA patients, we must ensure a scientifically rigorous approach to monitoring disease progression. In pediatric SCA, an elevated glomerular filtration rate (hyperfiltration) precedes the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Up to 70% of SCA adults will develop CKD and among patients that progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and require dialysis, one quarter of patients die within the first year of starting dialysis. The evidence is clear that we must accurately identify SCA patients at risk for ESRD and early death so that clinicians can intervene prior to the development of ESRD. The gold standard method for monitoring SCA kidney disease progression, measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) is too time consuming for annual clinical care monitoring as it requires injection of a filtration marker (iohexol) and measuring blood clearance of this marker over at least six hours. Our research team validated a novel, time-efficient mGFR approach in non-SCA patients by injecting visible fluorescent imaging (VFI) and measuring blood clearance over three hours. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations provide an alternative approach to monitoring a patient's kidney function using a single blood sample measurement (cystatin and/or creatinine). eGFR has been validated in non-SCA patients with high accuracy and precision. However, our preliminary data and work of others clearly demonstrate that the eGFR equations are not valid in SCA. The difference between eGFR and mGFR is seven times higher and the standard deviation is three times higher in SCA studies as compared to the non-SCA validation studies. By including SCA-relevant variables (hemoglobin and reticulocyte count) to the standard GFR variables, the preliminary data shows an improvement in the precision of novel SCA-specific eGFR equations by 25%. This proposal addresses the critical barriers for future SCA research due to the systematic bias in monitoring renal disease progression in SCA patients. Using the gold standard iohexol mGFR, this proposal will use biologically plausible SCA-relevant variables to develop novel SCA-specific eGFR equations in children and adults and compare the precision and accuracy of these equations against standard eGFR equations (aim 1). To validate these equations for use in annual clinical monitoring and design of future clinical trials, we will measure the concordance (one year) between the novel and standard eGFR equations to mGFR (aim 2). Finally, as mGFR (iohexol) is not time-efficient for monitoring SCA patients in clinic, we will test the correlation of VFI mGFR performed over 3 hours to iohexol mGFR performed over 6 hours (aim 3). If successful, our work will improve the systematic bias of clinical research using GFR endpoints in SCA. This will improve our clinical capacity to identify SCA patients at risk for CKD who may benefit from additional prospective therapies. Our improved methods for eGFR may be applicable to other hematological disorders where CKD is common.
Sickle cell anemia is associated with a high prevalence and increased mortality from chronic kidney disease. It is vital to monitor the progression of kidney disease beginning in childhood and develop therapeutic clinical trials to intervene prior to the progression to end stage renal disease. Unfortunately, the current methods for estimating kidney function are inaccurate in sickle cell anemia; therefore, this proposal will develop novel approaches to improve annual care monitoring for progression of kidney disease and design of novel therapeutic trials using kidney function as an endpoint.
