""""""""Value-based purchasing"""""""" is a quality improvement strategy that links payment with healthcare outcomes. Simply put, we should pay more for better healthcare provided, and less or none for inferior care. Recently, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sought to decrease the rate of hospital-acquired complications by holding hospitals financially accountable for them. Effective October 1, 2008 with the Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initiative, Medicare will not pay hospitals extra when patients develop specific complications. The intended outcome of this policy is simple: with no extra pay to compensate for complication care, hospitals should be motivated to pursue strategies to prevent complications. Yet, the details required for policy implementation are complex, and any change in provider payment has potential for unintended outcomes for patients and providers, the most serious of which would be reduced patient access to healthcare providers. Our objective is to examine how the Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initiative will impact patients, hospitals, and Medicare - focusing on medically-vulnerable patients with increased risks of complications and baseline disparities in healthcare access, and the hospitals who care for these patients.
Our Specific aims are: 1) Develop risk-prediction models to predict the risk of specific complications, based upon individual patient- level characteristics and medical conditions;our primary models will focus on the risk of developing decubitus ulcers (bedsores) and urinary tract infections (UTIs) with evaluation of catheter-associated UTIs. 2) Evaluate the impact of non-payment for complications for patients, regarding both intended outcomes (i.e., fewer complications) and unintended outcomes, such as reduced or altered healthcare access for patients at higher risk of complication development, and altered patterns of complication coding that promote payment for complications (such as higher rates of complications coded as present-on-admission, and reduced use of complication-specific diagnosis codes that trigger non-payment). 3) Determine the financial impact of non-payment for these complications for Medicare and hospitals, focusing on resource-limited hospitals (such as safety-net hospitals) and hospitals caring for large numbers of medically-vulnerable patients. Our analysis will use the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Database for California, using pre-policy and post-policy discharge data. This database includes the newly required variable to indicate if a condition was present-on-admission or hospital-acquired, and a rich set of variables describing patients, hospitals and payers. Using our risk-prediction model and pre-post analyses, our results will provide critical early feedback to CMS to guide policy revisions and expansions to motivate improved care while avoiding unintended harm to patients at higher risk for complications.

Public Health Relevance

Hospital-acquired complications are common and costly, associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality, and increased healthcare expenditures by payers and hospitals. This study will evaluate the impact of non-payment for hospital-acquired complications upon the care of medically vulnerable patients, who have increased risks of developing complications and baseline disparities in healthcare access. Our study results will provide critical early feedback to the public, clinicians, and CMS to guide revisions and expansions to the Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initiative to motivate improved care while avoiding unintended harm to patients.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01HS018334-01A1
Application #
7983017
Study Section
Health Systems Research (HSR)
Program Officer
Hagan, Michael
Project Start
2010-09-01
Project End
2013-08-31
Budget Start
2010-09-01
Budget End
2011-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Michigan Ann Arbor
Department
Internal Medicine/Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
073133571
City
Ann Arbor
State
MI
Country
United States
Zip Code
48109
McMahon Jr, Laurence F; Howell, Joel D (2018) The Hospital: Still the Doctors' Workplace(s)-A Cautionary Note for Approaches to Safety and Value Improvement. Health Serv Res 53:601-607
Meddings, Jennifer; Reichert, Heidi; Smith, Shawna N et al. (2017) The Impact of Disability and Social Determinants of Health on Condition-Specific Readmissions beyond Medicare Risk Adjustments: A Cohort Study. J Gen Intern Med 32:71-80
Meddings, Jennifer; McMahon Jr, Laurence F (2017) Web Exclusives. Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Legislating Quality to Prevent Infection-A Primer for Hospitalists. Ann Intern Med 166:HO2-HO3
Meddings, Jennifer; Saint, Sanjay; Krein, Sarah L et al. (2017) Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce Urinary Tract Infection in Nursing Home Residents. J Hosp Med 12:356-368
Mody, Lona; Greene, M Todd; Saint, Sanjay et al. (2017) Comparing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Prevention Programs Between Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes and Non-Veterans Affairs Nursing Homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 38:287-293
Smith, Shawna N; Reichert, Heidi A; Ameling, Jessica M et al. (2017) Dissecting Leapfrog: How Well Do Leapfrog Safe Practices Scores Correlate With Hospital Compare Ratings and Penalties, and How Much Do They Matter? Med Care 55:606-614
Meddings, Jennifer; Reichert, Heidi; Rogers, Mary A M et al. (2015) Under Pressure: Financial Effect of the Hospital-Acquired Conditions Initiative-A Statewide Analysis of Pressure Ulcer Development and Payment. J Am Geriatr Soc 63:1407-12
Kerber, Kevin A; Meurer, William J; Brown, Devin L et al. (2015) Stroke risk stratification in acute dizziness presentations: A prospective imaging-based study. Neurology 85:1869-78
Greene, M Todd; Fakih, Mohamad G; Fowler, Karen E et al. (2014) Regional variation in urinary catheter use and catheter-associated urinary tract infection: results from a national collaborative. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 35 Suppl 3:S99-S106