The goals of the proposal are 1)to examine how variation in a frustration event affects infants' negative emotions, physiological responses, and behavior, 2) to observe whether infants' response to frustration at 6 months is related to their frustration at three years, and 3) to examine whether maternal responsivity to child's emotion at 18 months mediates this relation. These questions will be addresses in two separate studies. Both use contingency learning/frustration procedures which allow simultaneous assessment of infants; arm activity, facial expressions, cortisol reactivity, and heart rate. Study 1 will vary two aspects of expectancy that define contingency, examining the influence of their violation infants' emotions, cardiac regulation as measured by vagal tone, and arm activity. Six-month-old infants (N=200) will be trained to expect that their pulling on a string in a pleasant event. A brief frustration period allows observation of infant responses when probability-specified aspects of contingency will be violated, using a model of contingency probabilities developed by Watson (1885) and others. Infants will be randomly assigned to groups which will experience either reduced predictability or reduced controllability. Group differences observed during this phase will show how various forms of expectancy violation affect infants' instrumental arm activity, facial expressions, and physiological regulation may be shaped by environmental contingencies, and their disruption. In Study 2, arm activity, emotion expression, and cardiac regulation as measured by vagal tone will be observed in infants(N=150) and related to later frustration. Infants will be seen in the contingency/frustration paradigm at 6 months of age and individual differences will be related to children's behavioral and cardiac responses to challenging tasks and games when they are 3 years of age. Maternal responsivity of toddler emotion will be observed at 18 months. The results are expected to lead to the identification of children who are prone to frustrated anger and who may be at risk for behavioral difficulties based on their reactivity, as well as their maternal response to that reactivity.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH061778-02
Application #
6539129
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-BBBP-2 (01))
Program Officer
Brandon, Susan
Project Start
2001-07-01
Project End
2006-06-30
Budget Start
2002-07-01
Budget End
2003-06-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2002
Total Cost
$235,500
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Medicine & Dentistry of NJ
Department
Pediatrics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
622146454
City
Piscataway
State
NJ
Country
United States
Zip Code
08854
Sullivan, Margaret Wolan; Carmody, Dennis P (2018) Approach-related emotion, toddlers' persistence, and negative reactions to failure. Soc Dev 27:586-600
Sullivan, Margaret W (2018) Anger, sad, and blended expressions to contingency disruption in young infants. Dev Psychobiol 60:938-949
Sullivan, Margaret Wolan (2016) Vagal tone during infant contingency learning and its disruption. Dev Psychobiol 58:366-81
Lewis, Michael; Sullivan, Margaret W; Kim, Hillary Mi-Sung (2015) Infant approach and withdrawal in response to a goal blockage: Its antecedent causes and its effect on toddler persistence. Dev Psychol 51:1553-63
Sullivan, Margaret Wolan (2014) Infant expressions in an approach/withdrawal framework. J Genet Psychol 175:472-93
Sullivan, Margaret W; Lewis, Michael (2012) Relations of Early Goal Blockage Response and Gender to Subsequent Tantrum Behavior. Infancy 17:159-178
Lewis, Michael; Takai-Kawakami, Kiyoko; Kawakami, Kiyobumi et al. (2010) Cultural Differences in Emotional Responses to Success and Failure. Int J Behav Dev 34:53-61
Crossman, Angela M; Sullivan, Margaret Wolan; Hitchcock, Daniel M et al. (2009) When frustration is repeated: behavioral and emotion responses during extinction over time. Emotion 9:92-100
Cole, Pamela M; Luby, Joan; Sullivan, Margaret W (2008) Emotions and the Development of Childhood Depression: Bridging the Gap. Child Dev Perspect 2:141-148
Lewis, Michael; Ramsay, Douglas S; Sullivan, Margaret W (2006) The relation of ANS and HPA activation to infant anger and sadness response to goal blockage. Dev Psychobiol 48:397-405

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