Accurate perception and action depend on the ability of brain attention systems to focus on the most relevant subset of stimuli in the environment. Attention can be directed in a voluntary (top-down) manner, or it may be captured reflexively either by salient sensory stimuli (sensory-driven reflexive attention) or by implicit memories (memory-driven reflexive attention). The experiments proposed here will test current theories and neural models of attentional control by investigating the brain mechanisms supporting each of these types of attention (voluntary, sensory-driven, and memory-driven). Since the momentary focus of attention is normally determined by the interplay between voluntary and reflexive systems, a further objective of these studies is to elucidate the interactions between these attention systems in the brain.In these experiments, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) will be recorded to provide a measure of the timing of neural activity relating to the control of attention and its subsequent effects on visual processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) will be used to identify the brain regions involved in these attention mechanisms. In these studies: (1) We will investigate the neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics involved in voluntarily shifting the focus of attention. (2) We will directly contrast voluntary attention and sensory-driven reflexive attention, testing both the potential overlap in neural control systems as well as the differential effects of this control on subsequent visual processing. (3) We will investigate the combined versus competitive effects of voluntary and sensory-driven reflexive attention on visual cortical processing. (4) We will investigate the neural mechanisms of """"""""attentional control settings"""""""" (ACS) -- task-dependent non-spatial strategic processes that have been shown to modulate the behavioral effects of reflexive attentional orienting. (5) We will test the hypothesis that these ACS share a common pool of mental resources with voluntary attention and working memory, and that under high levels of cognitive load, ACS will not modulate the effects of reflexive attention. (6) We will test whether reflexive orienting driven by implicitly learned predictive relationships modulates subsequent processing as early as does sensory-driven reflexive attention. (7) Finally, we will investigate the neural mechanisms by which memory, specifically item familiarity, reflexively captures attention. We will test the extent to which this type of attention relies upon brain mechanisms thought to underlie voluntary or sensory-driven reflexive attention. Voluntary and reflexive attention mechanisms support a variety of essential human behaviors that, when compromised by damage or disease, have significant impact on human health and the quality of life. Elucidating the brain mechanisms that support the control of attention holds promise for enhancing the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of attentional deficits that are key components of a variety of mental disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH066034-04
Application #
6926091
Study Section
Biobehavioral and Behavioral Processes 3 (BBBP)
Program Officer
Anderson, Kathleen C
Project Start
2002-08-01
Project End
2007-07-31
Budget Start
2005-08-01
Budget End
2006-07-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2005
Total Cost
$204,881
Indirect Cost
Name
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
608195277
City
Chapel Hill
State
NC
Country
United States
Zip Code
27599
Parks, Emily L; Kim, So-Yeon; Hopfinger, Joseph B (2014) The persistence of distraction: a study of attentional biases by fear, faces, and context. Psychon Bull Rev 21:1501-8
Pinkham, Amy E; Hopfinger, Joseph; Penn, David L (2012) Context influences social cognitive judgments in paranoid individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 135:196-7
Ries, Anthony J; Hopfinger, Joseph B (2011) Magnocellular and parvocellular influences on reflexive attention. Vision Res 51:1820-8
Chanon, Vicki W; Hopfinger, Joseph B (2011) ERPs reveal similar effects of social gaze orienting and voluntary attention, and distinguish each from reflexive attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 73:2502-13
Shin, Eunsam; Hopfinger, Joseph B; Lust, Sarah A et al. (2010) Electrophysiological evidence of alcohol-related attentional bias in social drinkers low in alcohol sensitivity. Psychol Addict Behav 24:508-15
Kim, So-Yeon; Hopfinger, Joseph B (2010) Neural basis of visual distraction. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1794-807
Hopfinger, Joseph B; Camblin, C Christine; Parks, Emily L (2010) Isolating the internal in endogenous attention. Psychophysiology 47:739-47
Fichtenholtz, Harlan M; Hopfinger, Joseph B; Graham, Reiko et al. (2009) Event-related potentials reveal temporal staging of dynamic facial expression and gaze shift effects on attentional orienting. Soc Neurosci 4:317-31
Pinkham, Amy E; Hopfinger, Joseph B; Pelphrey, Kevin A et al. (2008) Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 99:164-75
Pinkham, Amy E; Hopfinger, Joseph B; Ruparel, Kosha et al. (2008) An investigation of the relationship between activation of a social cognitive neural network and social functioning. Schizophr Bull 34:688-97

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