This project will examine the impact of inflammation on CNS glutamate, white matter pathology and alterations in behavior and cognition in middle-aged patients with major depression. Depression is associated with significant alterations in white matter integrity which has been associated with decreased antidepressant response, poor functional outcome, and cognitive impairment. One pathway that may contribute to white matter pathology in depression is inflammation. A significant subgroup of depressed patients exhibit increased inflammation. Moreover, increasing age along with increasing vascular risk is associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response, potentially leading to a greater inflammatory load in depressed, middle-aged individuals. The mechanisms by which inflammation may contribute to white matter pathology in depression are only beginning to be explored. Of relevance in this regard, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), the PI has demonstrated that administration of interferon (IFN)-alpha leads to significant increases in glutamate in brain regions known to be targets of inflammation including the basal ganglia. Interestingly, older subjects treated with IFN-alpha showed significantly greater increases in glutamate in basal ganglia than older controls and younger IFN-alpha-treated and control subjects. Increased glutamate in the basal ganglia of older subjects also correlated with increased inflammatory markers as well as symptoms of depression and cognitive dysfunction. Finally, the PI has new preliminary data showing a correlation between the inflammatory marker c- reactive protein (CRP) and basal ganglia glutamate in middle-aged depressed individuals. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter which at high concentrations is toxic to both glia and neurons. Thus, glutamate may serve as a final common pathway by which aging and inflammation interact in depressed subjects, resulting in accelerated white matter pathology. To explore this hypothesis, we plan to measure 1) CNS glutamate using single voxel and chemical shift MRS, 2) microstructural white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging/tract-based spatial statistics and myelin mapping, 3) peripheral and central biomarkers of inflammation and the kynurenine pathway which when activated by inflammation can increase glutamate and glutamate toxicity, and 4) depressive symptoms and cognition in 80 depressed and 80 non-depressed subjects 50-65 years old with a range of inflammation from low to high as determined by CRP. CNS glutamate and white matter integrity will be evaluated as a continuous function of inflammation and age. In addition, the relationship among CNS glutamate, white matter integrity and behavioral domains (defined using RDoC) will be examined. These data will be the first to link inflammation, glutamate, and white matter pathology as a function of middle age in depression, while also helping personalize care through identifying biomarkers of risk and pathophysiological targets to guide future studies using anti-inflammatory agents or glutamate antagonists alone or in combination to prevent cognitive and functional decline among aging depressed individuals.

Public Health Relevance

Depression afflicts over 27 million adults in the US and is associated with impaired white matter integrity in the brain that ultimately disrupts the communication of neurons and is linked to poor response to antidepressants, functional decline and cognitive impairment, especially in older individuals. Depression is also associated with increased inflammation which worsens with age and may contribute to white matter pathology through increasing brain glutamate, a neurotransmitter that in excess is toxic to both white matter cells and neurons. The goal of the proposed research is to test the hypothesis that inflammation increases brain glutamate in middle-aged depressed patients which in turn is associated with increased white matter pathology and alterations in behavior and cognition.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH107033-05
Application #
9821739
Study Section
Adult Psychopathology and Disorders of Aging Study Section (APDA)
Program Officer
Evans, Jovier D
Project Start
2016-02-01
Project End
2020-11-30
Budget Start
2019-12-01
Budget End
2020-11-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2020
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Emory University
Department
Psychiatry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
066469933
City
Atlanta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30322
Mehta, Neeti D; Haroon, Ebrahim; Xu, Xiaodan et al. (2018) Inflammation negatively correlates with amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal functional connectivity in association with anxiety in patients with depression: Preliminary results. Brain Behav Immun 73:725-730
Bekhbat, Mandakh; Chu, Karen; Le, Ngoc-Anh et al. (2018) Glucose and lipid-related biomarkers and the antidepressant response to infliximab in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 98:222-229
Haroon, Ebrahim; Daguanno, Alexander W; Woolwine, Bobbi J et al. (2018) Antidepressant treatment resistance is associated with increased inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 95:43-49
Haroon, Ebrahim; Chen, Xiangchuan; Li, Zhihao et al. (2018) Increased inflammation and brain glutamate define a subtype of depression with decreased regional homogeneity, impaired network integrity, and anhedonia. Transl Psychiatry 8:189
Felger, Jennifer C; Haroon, Ebrahim; Patel, Trusharth A et al. (2018) What does plasma CRP tell us about peripheral and central inflammation in depression? Mol Psychiatry :
Haroon, Ebrahim; Miller, Andrew H; Sanacora, Gerard (2017) Inflammation, Glutamate, and Glia: A Trio of Trouble in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 42:193-215
Miller, Andrew H; Haroon, Ebrahim; Felger, Jennifer C (2017) Therapeutic Implications of Brain-Immune Interactions: Treatment in Translation. Neuropsychopharmacology 42:334-359
Haroon, Ebrahim; Miller, Andrew H (2017) Inflammation Effects on Glutamate as a Pathway to Neuroprogression in Mood Disorders. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry 31:37-55
Haroon, Ebrahim; Miller, Andrew H (2017) Inflammation Effects on Brain Glutamate in Depression: Mechanistic Considerations and Treatment Implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 31:173-198
Goldsmith, David R; Haroon, Ebrahim; Woolwine, Bobbi J et al. (2016) Inflammatory markers are associated with decreased psychomotor speed in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun 56:281-8

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