An estimated 50% of HIV+ patients still exhibits central nervous system (CNS) viral infection, with 30% of patients progressing to some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) despite combined anti- retroviral therapy (cART). In the previously funded NIH R01 (NS063897-01A2) project ? Viral evolution in peripheral macrophages and brain during progression to AIDS ? we used the SIV-infected macaque model of neuroAIDS to show that in untreated animals SIV can enter the CNS multiple times, as early as 10 days post infection, throughout the course of the disease. SIV subpopulations infecting the brain are evolutionarily related to viral strains infecting myeloid cells in peripheral tissues, such as bone marrow and lung, which accumulate in the meninges and choroid plexus in early infection, and in the perivascular space and SIV-associated encephalitis (SIVE) lesions in late infection. Moreover, we found evidence that ongoing evolution in peripheral tissues leads, late in infection, to the emergence of viral lineages adapted to enter and replicate in the CNS microenvironment that may be linked to SIVE onset. However, the impact of cART on the timing and mode of entry of virus into the CNS has yet to be analyzed, which is crucial to explain why HAND is present even in virally suppressed patients. The present proposal for a competitive renewal seeks to extend the studies of the original project by characterizing the evolutionary behavior of the virus leading up to CNS infection and subsequent regulation of CNS-specific viral and host genes expression in the presence of cART. We seek to evaluate, in particular, peripheral blood monocytes and monocyte/macrophage rich tissues as potential source of CNS virus during cART, and the contribution of persisting CNS (and peripheral tissues) virus to viral rebound after therapy interruption.
Two specific aims are proposed:
Specific Aim 1 ? Determine the impact of early cART on viral evolutionary patterns, as well as viral and host gene expression patterns, associated with viral entry and replication in the CNS of SIV-infected rhesus macaques;
Specific Aim 2 ? Determine relative contribution of SIV-infected macrophage subsets in the CNS and peripheral tissues to low-level viremia during cART and viral rebound following cART interruption. The elucidation of viral evolutionary patterns and the contribution of specific infected tissues/cell populations to CNS infection, in the presence or subsequent absence of cART, would be highly beneficial to future studies designed to adjust current therapeutic strategies toward the prevention and elimination of neuroAIDS, and formation of the CNS reservoir, which is a necessary step for the development of an HIV cure.

Public Health Relevance

This project investigates the evolution of immunodeficiency viruses in peripheral and brain tissues during combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). SIV-infected monkeys on cART will be used to model HIV infection during treatment in humans. The major goals are to assess the contribution of ongoing HIV replication to viral persistence during therapy, and of infected cells in the brain to viral rebound after therapy interruption, which are essential to develop an HIV cure.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
2R01NS063897-06
Application #
9482052
Study Section
NeuroAIDS and other End-Organ Diseases Study Section (NAED)
Program Officer
Wong, May
Project Start
2009-02-15
Project End
2022-06-30
Budget Start
2017-09-30
Budget End
2018-06-30
Support Year
6
Fiscal Year
2017
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Florida
Department
Pathology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
969663814
City
Gainesville
State
FL
Country
United States
Zip Code
32611
Rife Magalis, Brittany; Nolan, David J; Autissier, Patrick et al. (2017) Insights into the Impact of CD8+ Immune Modulation on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Evolutionary Dynamics in Distinct Anatomical Compartments by Using Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaque Models of AIDS Progression. J Virol 91:
Mallard, Jaclyn; Papazian, Emily; Soulas, Caroline et al. (2017) A method for obtaining simian immunodeficiency virus RNA sequences from laser capture microdissected and immune captured CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages from frozen tissue sections of bone marrow and brain. J Immunol Methods 442:59-63
Lamers, Susanna L; Rose, Rebecca; Maidji, Ekaterina et al. (2016) HIV DNA Is Frequently Present within Pathologic Tissues Evaluated at Autopsy from Combined Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated Patients with Undetectable Viral Loads. J Virol 90:8968-83
Salemi, Marco; Rife, Brittany (2016) Phylogenetics and Phyloanatomy of HIV/SIV Intra-Host Compartments and Reservoirs: The Key Role of the Central Nervous System. Curr HIV Res 14:110-20
Lamers, Susanna L; Rose, Rebecca; Ndhlovu, Lishomwa C et al. (2016) The meningeal lymphatic system: a route for HIV brain migration? J Neurovirol 22:275-81
Lamers, Susanna L; Rose, Rebecca; Nolan, David J et al. (2016) HIV-1 Evolutionary Patterns Associated with Metastatic Kaposi's Sarcoma during AIDS. Sarcoma 2016:4510483
Lamers, Susanna L; Fogel, Gary B; Liu, Enoch S et al. (2016) On the Physicochemical and Structural Modifications Associated with HIV-1 Subtype B Tropism Transition. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 32:829-40
Rife, Brittany D; Nolan, David J; Lamers, Susanna L et al. (2016) Correction for Rife et al., Evolution of Neuroadaptation in the Periphery and Purifying Selection in the Brain Contribute to Compartmentalization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in the Brains of Rhesus Macaques with SIV-Associated Encephalitis. J Virol 90:8947
Rose, Rebecca; Lamers, Susanna L; Nolan, David J et al. (2016) HIV Maintains an Evolving and Dispersed Population in Multiple Tissues during Suppressive Combined Antiretroviral Therapy in Individuals with Cancer. J Virol 90:8984-93
Rife, Brittany D; Nolan, David J; Lamers, Susanna L et al. (2016) Evolution of Neuroadaptation in the Periphery and Purifying Selection in the Brain Contribute to Compartmentalization of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in the Brains of Rhesus Macaques with SIV-Associated Encephalitis. J Virol 90:6112-6126

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