Huntington's disease (HD), the most common of all polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, is characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of huntingtin (htt). Of particular importance to the etiology of HD is the N- terminal htt exon 1 (HDx1) region, which becomes progressively more prone to aggregation and misfolding as the length of its polyQ tract increases. Elevated numbers of glutamines (typically >40) cause the formation of various cytotoxic amyloid structures including fibrils, protofibrils and smaller oligomeric structures (Fig. 1). Cell and animal studies suggest that inhibition of misfolding is a promising avenue for preventing HD. However, the lack of structural information on these species has prevented a clear understanding of the mechanisms of HDx1 misfolding and hampered efforts to modulate this misfolding process as an avenue for therapeutic treatment. This proposal exploits two recent biochemical and methodological advances made by the Langen group. First, it became possible to generate clean preparations of various misfolded forms of HDx1 containing 46Q. These include two different fibril types, one that is toxic and one that is only weakly toxic, as well as a protofibrillar form of highly toxic HDx1. Second, together with Professors Siemer and Chiu, the Langen group has begun to apply a powerful and synergistic combination of structural methods that include site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) together with EPR, solid state NMR (ssNMR) and cryo-EM for studying HDx1 misfolding. The preliminary results have revealed exciting potential for this novel approach.
The first aim seeks to compare and contrast the structures of toxic and weakly toxic HDx1 fibrils using SDSL, ssNMR and cryo-EM. This comparison will provide insights into the structural features that distinguish toxic from non-toxic forms of HDx1. Such information is likely to facilitate future efforts aimed at preventin the formation of toxic species.
In Specific Aim 2, we will investigate the structures of highly toxc, A11 positive protofibrils, which form early during the misfolding process. Such early misfolding intermediates have been suggested to be the primary toxic pathogens in many amyloid diseases, but their structures remain poorly understood.
Specific Aim 3 follows up on preliminary data that show that negatively charged membranes, especially those mimicking mitochondrial membranes, potently accelerate misfolding and promote the formation of toxic, A11 positive structures.
This aim will study how membranes accelerate HDx1 misfolding and how this interaction, in turn, may disrupt membrane integrity. The proposed studies might explain how interaction of Hdx1 with cellular membranes can promote toxicity and why mitochondrial function is so disrupted in HD patients. Phosphorylation at positions 13 and 16 has been shown to protect from toxicity. In order to understand how this modification might be protective, we will test how it affects the formation of fibrils, toxic protofibrils and membrane-mediated misfolding.

Public Health Relevance

Huntington's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease caused by an unusually long stretch of glutamine residues (typically more than 40) in the huntingtin protein. Such polyglutamine expansions, which are also present in a number of other disease-forming proteins, make proteins alter their structures into toxic forms. In order to understand how to prevent the misfolding of polyglutamine-containing proteins, we will determine how huntingtin changes its structure into toxic forms and how some cellular membranes can speed up this process.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS084345-01A1
Application #
8888266
Study Section
Biophysics of Neural Systems Study Section (BPNS)
Program Officer
Miller, Daniel L
Project Start
2015-04-01
Project End
2020-03-31
Budget Start
2015-04-01
Budget End
2016-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Southern California
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
072933393
City
Los Angeles
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
90032
Pandey, Nitin K; Isas, J Mario; Rawat, Anoop et al. (2018) The 17-residue-long N terminus in huntingtin controls stepwise aggregation in solution and on membranes via different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 293:2597-2605
Bravo-Arredondo, Jose M; Kegulian, Natalie C; Schmidt, Thomas et al. (2018) The folding equilibrium of huntingtin exon 1 monomer depends on its polyglutamine tract. J Biol Chem 293:19613-19623
Kahraman, Osman; Langen, Ralf; Haselwandter, Christoph A (2018) Directed Supramolecular Organization of N-BAR Proteins through Regulation of H0 Membrane Immersion Depth. Sci Rep 8:16383
Montagne, Axel; Nikolakopoulou, Angeliki M; Zhao, Zhen et al. (2018) Pericyte degeneration causes white matter dysfunction in the mouse central nervous system. Nat Med 24:326-337
Ko, Jan; Isas, J Mario; Sabbaugh, Adam et al. (2018) Identification of distinct conformations associated with monomers and fibril assemblies of mutant huntingtin. Hum Mol Genet :
Caulkins, Bethany G; Cervantes, Silvia A; Isas, J Mario et al. (2018) Dynamics of the Proline-Rich C-Terminus of Huntingtin Exon-1 Fibrils. J Phys Chem B 122:9507-9515
Rawat, Anoop; Langen, Ralf; Varkey, Jobin (2018) Membranes as modulators of amyloid protein misfolding and target of toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr :
Okada, Alan K; Teranishi, Kazuki; Lobo, Fleur et al. (2017) The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides, HumaninS14G and Small Humanin-like Peptide 2, Exhibit Chaperone-like Activity. Sci Rep 7:7802
Varkey, Jobin; Langen, Ralf (2017) Membrane remodeling by amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic proteins studied by EPR. J Magn Reson 280:127-139
Isas, J Mario; Langen, Andreas; Isas, Myles C et al. (2017) Formation and Structure of Wild Type Huntingtin Exon-1 Fibrils. Biochemistry 56:3579-3586

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