Gaucher disease (GD), one of the most common autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders, is caused by mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. The enzyme encoded by GBA, Gcase1, catalyzes the conversion of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to glucose and ceramide. The primary defect in GD is the accumulation of GlcCer in lysosomes and is seen most prominently in macrophages. We and others have shown that specific mutations in the GBA gene, in the heterozygous state, are a risk factor for Parkinson?s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Functional studies have demonstrated an interaction between ?-synuclein and GBA protein and mutant GBA proteins can cause an increase in ?-synuclein (SNCA) levels and lysosomal dysfunction. Among the GBA variants associated with PD, p.E326K is one of the most frequent. Interestingly, the GBA p.E326K variant is only involved in GD when it is found in the same allele (in cis) with other ?severe? type mutations (e.g. p.L444P) and contributes to GD severity by further reducing residual enzyme activity. Although biochemical observations have suggested that p.E326K is a ?mild? type loss of function variant, this reduction in activity is clearly not severe enough to lead to a GD phenotype. Understanding the mechanistic links between specific GBA mutations and PD is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches. Currently, it is unclear how the GBA p.E326K mutation contributes to a neurological phenotype and pathology in the brain. More recent studies suggest that ceramide metabolism and its metabolites play a central role in disease pathogenesis of GBA-associated PD and DLB. We hypothesize that the GBA p.E326K variant, contributes to disease by a mechanism involving an imbalance (increase) of other metabolites in the ceramide metabolism pathway namely Glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph) and Sphingosine (Sph) leading to ?-synuclein aggregation and ER stress. Currently, therapeutic approaches to treat GBA associated PD are limited to a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor and a molecular chaperone, ambroxol hydrochloride, both of which are currently in clinical trials. Development of a mouse model for the most common GBA variant associated with PD, the GBA p.E326K variant, and determining the disease mechanism may open up new avenues for therapeutic development targeting ASAH1 or GBA2 in the ceramide pathway and could have a major impact on the field. The goal of this proposal is to develop and characterize a Gba p.E326K mouse model that can be used for therapeutic development in future studies. we propose two specific aims.
Specific Aim 1 is to generate and characterize a Gba p.E326K mouse model of PD and DLB and Specific Aim 2 is to determine whether overexpression of the human A30P ?-synuclein (SNCA) transgene modifies penetrance in Gba p.E326K mice and affects age of onset and progression of neurological symptoms.
Parkinson?s disease, a disease, whose hallmark features include resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity, in addition to non-motor symptoms such as cognitive decline, is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders in humans. The disease is usually progressive and there is no cure. Mutations in the Glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) are a risk factor for PD. Among the GBA variants associated with PD, p.E326K is one of the most frequent. The development of genetic models in animals that target specific mutations, is a crucial step that is now needed to: (1) advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis, and (2) identify pathways that can be targeted for therapeutic development.
