Developing interventions that inhibit the transmission of HIV infection are critical for halting the HIV epidemic. Topical prevention strategies usually termed microbicides have been proposed as one strategy to halt or slow down the HIV epidemic. We have identified novel lead microbicides that potently inhibit HIV and SIV infection/replication in vitro. During our previous submission we reported an oligonucleotide with a phosphorothioate backbone (OPB) that could inhibit HIVBaL or SIVmac251 infection and/or replication in human or simian PBMC, respectively. OPB also inhibited infection/replication in cell-free infections of P4-R5 MAGI cells by HIVBaL and HIVIIIB. OPB exhibited no toxicity against PBMC or P4-R5 MAGI cells after 24h continuous exposure. Preliminary data suggested that OPB may also inhibit other viruses as it was also effective against influenza type A virus. Thus, our first generation OPB may be a potent microbicide against HIV that prevents infection at mucosal sites when topically applied. Our preliminary studies were carried out with a 13mer Poly T or Poly A oligonucleotide of OPB and this suggested that the effect was sequence independent and may even be mediated by the phosphorothioate deoxyribose sugar backbone. Indeed in our current re-submission we present data on our next generation compound, a baseless phosphorothioate 2'deoxyribose backbone (PDB) that has more potent HIV inhibitory activity than OPB. A 14mer PDB we show here has no toxicity, is a potent inhibitor of HIV and has the advantage of being a TLR7/9 antagonist that inhibits HIV-induced IFN? production. This later property is important as the establishment of HIV infection may depend on HIV-induced mucosal inflammation triggered by TLR. Importantly, we show that PDB is active when formulated in hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel at pH 4.4, survives pH transition to a neutral pH, and in retains its activity in HEC for long periods. We hypothesize that PDB binds enveloped viruses and inhibits their infectivity by acting as a """"""""chemical lectin"""""""". We further hypothesize that PDB can act as a microbicide against HIV and can prevent SIV vaginal infection of rhesus macaques. The studies planned in the R21 phase will further optimize and characterize the safety and effectiveness of PDB in vitro and its safety in the Swiss Webster mouse vaginal/cervical model of irritation. They will determine the optimal size and composition that remains effective against HIV and exhibits no toxicity. Finally, the mechanism of action of PDB will be investigated, the effect of inclusion into hydroxyethylcellulose gel will be tested and PDB's effect on the growth of commensal lactobacilli will be determined. Five specific milestones have been set for the progression from the R21 Phase to the R33 Phase. The R33 phase will test the effectiveness of PDB in preventing vaginal SIV infection, investigate the effect of seminal plasma and pH transition on the efficacy of OPB, determine its safety with human genital epithelial tissue, and investigate its effectiveness against HSV-2. The current application will allow for an extensive evaluation of PDB as possible novel microbicide candidates. The studies proposed here address the important public health problem of developing treatments that inhibit the transmission of HIV infection. The current application investigates a novel chemical that may be used to inhibit infection with HIV.

Public Health Relevance

The studies proposed here address the important public health problem of developing treatments that inhibit the transmission of HIV infection. The current application investigates a novel chemical that may be used to inhibit infection with HIV.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
5R21AI082680-02
Application #
8062112
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZAI1-EC-A (J1))
Program Officer
Veronese, Fulvia D
Project Start
2010-05-01
Project End
2012-07-31
Budget Start
2011-05-01
Budget End
2012-07-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$206,426
Indirect Cost
Name
Drexel University
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
002604817
City
Philadelphia
State
PA
Country
United States
Zip Code
19104
Fraietta, Joseph A; Mueller, Yvonne M; Lozenski, Karissa L et al. (2014) Abasic phosphorothioate oligomers inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcription and block virus transmission across polarized ectocervical organ cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:7056-71
Fraietta, Joseph A; Mueller, Yvonne M; Yang, Guibin et al. (2013) Type I interferon upregulates Bak and contributes to T cell loss during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003658
Turner, Martin; Katsikis, Peter D (2012) A new mechanism of gene regulation mediated by noncoding RNA. J Immunol 189:3-4
Lugli, Enrico; Mueller, Yvonne M; Lewis, Mark G et al. (2011) IL-15 delays suppression and fails to promote immune reconstitution in virally suppressed chronically SIV-infected macaques. Blood 118:2520-9
Katsikis, Peter D; Mueller, Yvonne M; Villinger, Francois (2011) The cytokine network of acute HIV infection: a promising target for vaccines and therapy to reduce viral set-point? PLoS Pathog 7:e1002055
Fraietta, Joseph A; Mueller, Yvonne M; Do, Duc H et al. (2010) Phosphorothioate 2' deoxyribose oligomers as microbicides that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and block Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 triggering by HIV-1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:4064-73
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