Although complement serves as a pillar of the innate immune system, inappropriate or uncontrolled levels of complement activation are a major contributor to a rapidly growing list of human inflammatory diseases. Yet even though therapeutic manipulation of the complement response would be tremendously important in the clinic, only a limited panel of FDA approved drugs and indications exist for specifically targeting an active component within the complement system. A major factor underlying this dearth of complement-targeted therapeutics is the large size of the proteins and complex nature of the molecular recognition events which underlie complement activity. This has made it very challenging for scientists to identify which specific points are most susceptible for therapeutic intervention. By contrast, the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus deploys an array of proteins that have been naturally selected and exquisitely optimized during the course of host/pathogen co-evolution to efficiently block fundamental events within the complement cascade - in particular formation of the multi-subunit AP C3 convertase that drives amplification of the complement response. As a consequence, molecules which mimic the activities of staphylococcal virulence proteins hold promise for complement-directed, anti-inflammatory therapeutics. We recently investigated the potential of using novel cheminformatic tools for identifying small molecules that bind the same C3b site as the SCIN family of S. aureus complement inhibitors. Although done on a pilot scale, this work strongly suggested that in silico methods are a viable means of screening for new chemotypes of drug-like compounds that specifically target functionally significant sites on C3b. In this investigation, our goal is to aply the same cheminformatic methods to screen a highly elaborated (~20 million) compound library and to identify small molecules that bind C3b sites with known roles in the initial step of AP C3 convertase formation. This step, which generates a structure known as the AP C3 pro-convertase, is the same point in the pathway that is disrupted by multiple families of secreted S. aureus complement inhibitors (including SCINs). Thus, we believe that formation of the AP C3 pro-convertase is a biologically validated target for pharmacological intervention in the complement-mediated inflammatory response. The research plan described in this application consists of three distinct specific aims.
Each aim has a defined outcome that is based upon either preliminary studies directly relevant to this project or our previous experience in using similar methodologies. In the first aim, we will use cheminformatics to identify ~100 hit compounds that are likely binders at one of four target sites on C3b with known roles in AP C3 pro-convertase formation. Then, in the second aim, we will use established biochemical and functional tools to validate ~20 candidates that both bind C3b and inhibit AP activity. In the fina aim, we will use structural comparisons to identify the pharmacophores in these validated candidates and conduct a limited synthetic expansion of our most promising ~ 5 compound series. At the conclusion of this aim, we will have identified a single, non-toxic compound that will serve as our lead inhibitor of AP C3 pro-convertase assembly. As a consequence, this work will lay the foundation for future development of new classes of complement-targeted anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

Public Health Relevance

The complement system is recognized as a valuable pharmacological target for treating both chronic and acute inflammatory diseases, yet only an exceedingly limited panel of FDA approved drugs and indications exist for specifically targeting the complement system. To address this unmet medical need, our group has spent the last several years studying the structure/function relationships of naturally occurring virulence proteins from Staphylococcus aureus. These inhibitors potently block the alternative pathway of complement (AP) by disrupting formation of the AP C3 convertase, which is the main driving force behind complement- mediated inflammatory responses. On their own, these proteins themselves are too antigenic to be used pharmacologically in human populations; however, preliminary studies from our group strongly suggest that small molecules which bind C3b sites known to be crucial for initial stages of AP C3 convertase assembly may mimic their function. Thus, in this investigation we will make use of emerging capabilities in cheminformatics to identify drug-like small molecules that bind C3b and disrupt formation and function of the AP C3 convertase. This work has the potential to discover entirely new classes of small molecule complement inhibitors, and therefore holds great promise for development of novel complement directed therapeutics.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
5R21AI113552-02
Application #
8877399
Study Section
Innate Immunity and Inflammation Study Section (III)
Program Officer
Huntley, Clayton C
Project Start
2014-07-01
Project End
2017-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2017-06-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Kansas State University
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
929773554
City
Manhattan
State
KS
Country
United States
Zip Code
66506
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Eng, Lars; Garcia, Brandon L; Geisbrecht, Brian V et al. (2018) Quantitative monitoring of two simultaneously binding species using Label-Enhanced surface plasmon resonance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 497:133-138
Garcia, Brandon L; Skaff, D Andrew; Chatterjee, Arindam et al. (2017) Identification of C3b-Binding Small-Molecule Complement Inhibitors Using Cheminformatics. J Immunol 198:3705-3718
Garcia, Brandon L; Zhi, Hui; Wager, Beau et al. (2016) Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 Inhibits the Classical Pathway by Blocking Activation of the C1 Complement Complex. PLoS Pathog 12:e1005404
Shrestha, Ruben; Chen, Xuejie; Ramyar, Kasra X et al. (2016) Identification of Surface-Exposed Protein Radicals and A Substrate Oxidation Site in A-Class Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Thermomonospora curvata. ACS Catal 6:8036-8047
Garcia, Brandon L; Zwarthoff, Seline A; Rooijakkers, Suzan H M et al. (2016) Novel Evasion Mechanisms of the Classical Complement Pathway. J Immunol 197:2051-60
Takahashi, Daisuke; Garcia, Brandon L; Kanost, Michael R (2015) Initiating protease with modular domains interacts with ?-glucan recognition protein to trigger innate immune response in insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:13856-61
Georgoutsou-Spyridonos, Maria; Ricklin, Daniel; Pratsinis, Haris et al. (2015) Attenuation of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Bacteremia by Human Mini-Antibodies Targeting the Complement Inhibitory Protein Efb. J Immunol 195:3946-58
Summers, Brady J; Garcia, Brandon L; Woehl, Jordan L et al. (2015) Identification of peptidic inhibitors of the alternative complement pathway based on Staphylococcus aureus SCIN proteins. Mol Immunol 67:193-205
Woehl, Jordan L; Stapels, Daphne A C; Garcia, Brandon L et al. (2014) The extracellular adherence protein from Staphylococcus aureus inhibits the classical and lectin pathways of complement by blocking formation of the C3 proconvertase. J Immunol 193:6161-6171