Today in the U.S., 33 million children have a parent with a criminal record. Children with a parental history of criminal behavior and incarceration are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior themselves; yet, many will instead take a more prosocial path. The overarching goal of this application is to understand the factors that determine which of these developmental trajectories these children will take. We focus on the preschool age (3-5 years old), a key period for socialization. Drawing from a resilience framework, children's socialization outcomes will include their performance on developmentally appropriate tasks: (1) emerging conscience (compliance, internalization of rules, concern for others, and discomfort following rule violation) and (2) self-regulation (behavioral and emotional), as well as the absence of (3) early disruptive behavior problems and (4) functional impairment.
The specific aims are to:
Aim 1. Test parental risk factors and familial mechanisms that explain individual differences in socialization outcomes among children of parents with a history of incarceration;
Aim 2. Test the protective role of the parents' social and economic resources for preventing the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior;
and Aim 3. Test the compensatory role of alternative caregiving relationships for preventing the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior. We will examine these questions in 150 preschool-aged children of parents (60% mothers and 40% fathers) who were incarcerated as juveniles and have been participating in the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) for the past 20 years. We will leverage the extensive prospective longitudinal data available on the NJP parents' mental health, antisocial behavior, incarceration history, and social and economic resources, and collect new data from the NJP parent and a second caregiver, to test parental risk factors and familial mechanisms that determine individual differences in child socialization (Aim 1). We will conduct direct observations and in-person interviews, to measure child socialization outcomes, child interactions with the NJP parent and the second caregiver, and protective factors at the levels of the child-caregiver dyad and the larger social environment (Aims 2 & 3). This study will provide the empirical basis for developing protective interventions to prevent, from an early age, the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior, addressing NICHD's Child Development and Behavior Branch priority of identifying protective factors associated with Psychosocial Adjustment for Individuals in High-Risk Environments.

Public Health Relevance

A staggering 33 million children in the US have a parent with a criminal record, and more than 5 million see a parent who lives with them go to jail or prison during their childhood ? a disproportionate number of these children are racial/ethnic minorities. While children with a parental history of antisocial behavior and incarceration are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior themselves, many will instead take a more prosocial path. This study will identify the protective factors that foster successful socialization among children growing up in these high-risk family environments, to inform the design of preventive interventions for reducing the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior and the associated health burden to these families and society.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
3R21HD092671-01A1S1
Application #
9691641
Study Section
Program Officer
Esposito, Layla E
Project Start
2018-09-01
Project End
2020-03-31
Budget Start
2018-09-01
Budget End
2019-03-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2018
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Northwestern University at Chicago
Department
Public Health & Prev Medicine
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
005436803
City
Chicago
State
IL
Country
United States
Zip Code
60611