The main goal of this CounterACT application is to develop a novel class of therapeutics that will mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by acute exposure to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a lethal organophosphate insecticide that is considered a credible chemical threat. Organophosphates (OP) are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors and OP intoxication following exposure to DFP and related military nerve agents results in persistent seizures, status epilepticus (SE) and permanent brain injury. Current medical countermeasures for acute OP intoxication do not sufficiently protect the brain from SE, a prolonged seizure activity lasting 30 min or longer with significant neuronal injury and mortality. We propose that neurosteroids that promote tonic inhibition produce rapid and effective protection against persistent SE, prevent irreversible brain injury, and extend the therapeutic window. This novel therapeutic strategy is based on the emerging molecular mechanisms of neurosteroids and also cellular changes involved in SE, a common toxicity by OP-like agents. Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized locally within the brain that control inhibition. Neurosteroids are the most powerful anticonvulsants against seizures induced by cholinergic agents. Since OP nerve agents cause persistent seizures and brain damage by cholinergic hyperactivation, it is proposed that neurosteroids are an effective antidote for OP intoxication. Neurosteroids act principally at GABA-A receptors, which mediate phasic and tonic inhibition, that play a critical role in controlling seizures by """"""""setting"""""""" the baseline excitabilit. Recent work has shown that SE cause a significant decrease in synaptic inhibition with minimal changes in extrasynaptic (neurosteroid-sensitive) tonic inhibition. Therefore, enhanced sensitivity at extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors and maximally stimulating efficacy at synaptic receptors makes neurosteroids ideal new drugs for controlling SE and neuronal damage following OP intoxication. This novel treatment strategy has not been tested previously. Our preliminary studies in the DFP model of OP intoxication demonstrate the feasibility and promising efficacy of this rationale therapy. We hypothesize that neurosteroids and selective drugs that enhance phasic and extrasynaptic tonic inhibition effectively control OP intoxication-induced SE and neuronal damage. To test this hypothesis, we will address two specific aims:
(Aim 1) : Determine the efficacy of simultaneous augmentation of synaptic and tonic inhibition by ganaxolone in DFP intoxication;
and (Aim 2) : Determine the efficacy of selective augmentation of extrasynaptic tonic inhibition by gaboxadol in DFP intoxication. Test drugs will be given 40 min, 1 hr or 2 hr after exposure to DFP. Behavioral and EEG seizures will be recorded for assessment of drug efficacy, and neuroprotection will be assessed by counting neuron density by immunohistochemical techniques. The proposed studies will provide """"""""proof-of-efficacy"""""""" of the new therapy. Synthetic neurosteroids such as ganaxolone are undergoing clinical trials and have shown an excellent safety record. Therefore, the outcome of this research will set the stage for rapid development of neurosteroids as effective countermeasures against chemical threats.

Public Health Relevance

The insecticide DFP and related OP compounds are high priority chemical threat agents. Current medical countermeasures for acute OP intoxication do not sufficiently protect the brain from seizures and SE, which is characterized by a prolonged seizure activity with significant neuronal injury and mortality. Control of persistent seizure actiity is critical for neuroprotection and survival following OP intoxication. The main therapeutic challenges are the short therapeutic window of current antiseizure drugs and the lack of effective drugs to prevent subsequent brain injury. This CounterACT project is designed to develop neurosteroids as specific treatment for OP intoxication, persistent seizure activity, and brain damage. Synthetic neurosteroids are undergoing clinical trials for epilepsy and are readily available for rapid development for clinical use in treating OP intoxication.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Exploratory/Developmental Grants (R21)
Project #
1R21NS076426-01
Application #
8215568
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-MDCN-B (55))
Program Officer
Yeung, David
Project Start
2011-09-30
Project End
2013-07-31
Budget Start
2011-09-30
Budget End
2012-07-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$366,250
Indirect Cost
Name
Texas A&M University
Department
Anatomy/Cell Biology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
835607441
City
College Station
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77845
Reddy, Doodipala Samba; Estes, William A (2016) Clinical Potential of Neurosteroids for CNS Disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 37:543-561
Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2016) Neurosteroids for the potential protection of humans against organophosphate toxicity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1378:25-32
Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2014) Neurosteroids and their role in sex-specific epilepsies. Neurobiol Dis 72 Pt B:198-209
Reddy, Doodipala Samba; Kuruba, Ramkumar (2013) Experimental models of status epilepticus and neuronal injury for evaluation of therapeutic interventions. Int J Mol Sci 14:18284-318
Reddy, D S (2013) Current pharmacotherapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drugs Today (Barc) 49:647-65
Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2013) The pathophysiological and pharmacological basis of current drug treatment of migraine headache. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 6:271-88
Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2013) Role of hormones and neurosteroids in epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 7:115
Carver, Chase Matthew; Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2013) Neurosteroid interactions with synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: regulation of subunit plasticity, phasic and tonic inhibition, and neuronal network excitability. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 230:151-88
Reddy, Doodipala Samba (2013) Neuroendocrine aspects of catamenial epilepsy. Horm Behav 63:254-66