The goal of these studies is to elucidate factors that determine the spectral sensitivities of individual photoreceptor cells. In general, a photoreceptor's spectral sensitivity will depend upon the type of visual pigment expressed and the absorption properties of the pigment. Neither of these aspects is well understood. A visual pigment's spectral tuning is produced by perturbations of the chromophore by its specific opsin.
The first aim of this proposal is to find out how and where opsin perturbs the chromophore to tune its absorption. My approach will be to characterize the spectral sensitivities of isolated rods and cones of salamander and goldfish electrophysiologically before and after replacing their native chromophore with chemically modified retinal analogs. Using a series of dihydroretinal analogs, we will localize the chromophoric sites that interact with opsin.
The second aim i s to find out whether a cell can express multiple opsins and whether all opsins form functional pigments. Although an individual photoreceptor is thought to express only one type of opsin, there is evidence to suggest that some photoreceptors violate this rule. We will test for the presence of two functional opsins in guinea pig cones and three in salamander cones by measuring the cell's spectral sensitivity before and after exposure to an intense bleaching light. The spectral composition of the bleaching light will be carefully chosen so that one pigment type is bleached preferentially. Additional evidence that multiple opsins are expressed will be obtained using immunohistochemical and molecular biological probes.
The third aim i s to investigate the ability of photoreceptors to change the type of opsin they express. We will measure the spectral sensitivities of cones in salamander and winter flounder at different ages to see if their pigment content changes as a function of time. The results of these studies could have developmental significance for the regulation of cone density and the formation of cone-specific neural circuits in the retina. The long term goal of these studies is to understand how the retina encodes visual information carried by wavelength and to explore the plasticity of the underlying mechanisms.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
First Independent Research Support & Transition (FIRST) Awards (R29)
Project #
1R29EY011358-01A1
Application #
2020040
Study Section
Visual Sciences C Study Section (VISC)
Project Start
1997-01-01
Project End
2001-12-31
Budget Start
1997-01-01
Budget End
1997-12-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
1997
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Department
Type
DUNS #
073825945
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02114
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Isayama, Tomoki; Chen, Ying; Kono, Masahiro et al. (2014) Coexpression of three opsins in cone photoreceptors of the salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. J Comp Neurol 522:2249-65
Wen, Xiao-Hong; Duda, Teresa; Pertzev, Alexandre et al. (2012) S100B serves as a Ca(2+) sensor for ROS-GC1 guanylate cyclase in cones but not in rods of the murine retina. Cell Physiol Biochem 29:417-30
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Wen, Xiao-Hong; Shen, Lixin; Brush, Richard S et al. (2009) Overexpression of rhodopsin alters the structure and photoresponse of rod photoreceptors. Biophys J 96:939-50