Orchestration of the dynamic events of development requires precise timing. In contrast to the much-studied spatial controls in development, we know little about temporal regulation. We are probing the intimate coordination in time between cell proliferation and embryonic development. We focus on the specialized cell cycles of the early Drosophila embryo, the characteristics of which are highly conserved across evolution. Embryogenesis begins with extremely fast, synchronous cell cycles, in the absence of gene expression. No growth accompanies these cycles, which divide the large egg cytoplasm into smaller cells. At cycle 9. the cycles begin to slow, initially very slightly but progressively, until mitosis 13 where the cell cycle abruptly lengthens. This shift in the character of the cell cycles culminates in a sudden and strong activation of transcription, and the onset of gastrulation - a transition called the Mid-Blastula Transition (MBT). All future divisions require gene expression and occur in intricate spatial patterns. We are probing the mechanisms that time and coordinate events for the faithful execution of the MBT, in particular the shift in cell cycle timing. We found that S phase prolongation paces the early cycles. In fast S phases, all sequences replicate at the same time, whereas S phase slows in conjunction with onset of distinctive behaviors of euchromatin and heterochromatin and late replication of satellite sequences. High cyclin:Cdk1 during the early cycles drives early replication of satellites and regulated protein destruction of Cdkl activator Cdc25/Twine in cycle 14 leads to downregulation of cyclin:Cdk1 and onset of the late replication program at the MBT. These advances in understanding of the system have led us to focus on the mechanisms governing timing of late replication of the satellite sequences and introduction of heterochromatin. We are also continuing to explore the events that trigger the onset of transcription at the MBT and the abrupt onset of Cdc25/Twine destruction. These studies will probe the fundamental question of how time is measured in biological systems, yielding advances to understanding of development and cancer.

Public Health Relevance

When an egg develops into an organism, the number of cells goes from one to many millions. We are probing how cells keep track of time so that they know when they should divide and when they should arrest the cell cycle, the factors that distinguish the creative growth in embryogenesis from the destructive growth of a tumor. The faithful regulation of proliferation we are studying is essential if organisms are to avoid birth defects and cancer two issues of major importance in human health

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
4R37GM037193-30
Application #
8822442
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NSS)
Program Officer
Carter, Anthony D
Project Start
1986-07-01
Project End
2020-06-30
Budget Start
2015-07-01
Budget End
2016-06-30
Support Year
30
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California San Francisco
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
094878337
City
San Francisco
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94118
Duronio, Robert J; O'Farrell, Patrick H; Sluder, Greenfield et al. (2017) Sophisticated lessons from simple organisms: appreciating the value of curiosity-driven research. Dis Model Mech 10:1381-1389
Yuan, Kai; Seller, Charles A; Shermoen, Antony W et al. (2016) Timing the Drosophila Mid-Blastula Transition: A Cell Cycle-Centered View. Trends Genet 32:496-507
Yuan, Kai; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2016) TALE-light imaging reveals maternally guided, H3K9me2/3-independent emergence of functional heterochromatin in Drosophila embryos. Genes Dev 30:579-93
Yuan, Kai; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2015) Cyclin B3 is a mitotic cyclin that promotes the metaphase-anaphase transition. Curr Biol 25:811-816
O'Farrell, Patrick H (2015) Growing an Embryo from a Single Cell: A Hurdle in Animal Life. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7:
Farrell, Jeffrey A; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2014) From egg to gastrula: how the cell cycle is remodeled during the Drosophila mid-blastula transition. Annu Rev Genet 48:269-94
Yuan, Kai; Shermoen, Antony W; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2014) Illuminating DNA replication during Drosophila development using TALE-lights. Curr Biol 24:R144-5
Farrell, Jeffrey A; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2013) Mechanism and regulation of Cdc25/Twine protein destruction in embryonic cell-cycle remodeling. Curr Biol 23:118-26
Yuan, Kai; Farrell, Jeffrey A; O'Farrell, Patrick H (2012) Different cyclin types collaborate to reverse the S-phase checkpoint and permit prompt mitosis. J Cell Biol 198:973-80
Farrell, Jeffrey A; Shermoen, Antony W; Yuan, Kai et al. (2012) Embryonic onset of late replication requires Cdc25 down-regulation. Genes Dev 26:714-25

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