Alterations in chromatin regulators are associated with diverse human pathologies. The ability to quantitatively assess these factors in healthy and diseased cells is essential to accelerate the development of therapeutics targeting epigenetic regulation (a growing area of study, with many candidates already in clinical trials). However, ChIP-Seq, the most widely-used approach to map the genomic location of Chromatin Associated Proteins (ChAPs), is often limited by poor resolution, sensitivity, and reliability. Dr. Steven Henikoff?s group recently developed CUT&RUN (Cleavage Under Targets and Released Using Nuclease), a new mapping approach with vastly improved assay performance vs. ChIP-Seq. CUT&RUN uses ChAP-targeting antibodies to locally tether protein A-micrococcal nuclease (pA-MNase) to chromatin in intact nuclei, followed by controlled MNase activation to cleave nearby DNA. Sequencing of the subsequently released DNA fragments yields precise target localization profiles using fractions (vs. ChIP-Seq) of the required cellular input (100-fold less) and sequencing depth (>10-fold less). The efficiency of this method could now enable pre-clinical applications in a high-throughput format, such as quantifying the genome-wide effects of epigenetic therapeutics. However, delivering on such promise will require the development of quantitative spike-ins. In this Fast-Track SBIR proposal, EpiCypher is partnering with Dr. Kami Ahmad of the Henikoff lab to develop quantitative spike-in controls for ChAPs using CUT&RUN (ChAP-CUT&RUN). EpiCypher has recently developed the application of DNA-barcoded recombinant designer nucleosomes (dNucs) as quantitative spike-in controls for histone post-translational modification (PTM) ChIP studies (i.e. SNAP-ChIP). However, there are no tools to normalize mapping data for ChAPs, which make up the largest segment of the ChIP-Seq market. The innovation of this project is the engineering of DNA-barcoded dNucs that contain either: 1) a ChAP epitope; or 2) a Short Peptide Tag (SPT; e.g. FLAG) fused to the N-terminus of histone H3. These can then be used to capture ChAP- or SPT-specific antibodies (both commonly used for ChAP mapping studies) in a CUT&RUN workflow.
In Aim 1 (Phase I), we will develop a set of DNA-barcoded dNuc spike-ins for quantitative analysis of ChAPs (e.g. CTCF [transcription factor] and BRD4 [chromatin interactor]). Phase I will be successfully completed when we use these dNucs in CUT&RUN for quantitative sample normalization.
In Aim 2 (Phase II), we will expand / scale manufacturing of ChAP-CUT&RUN spike-in control panels and apply these reagents to establish robust workflows for quantitative sample normalization genome- wide.
In Aim 3 we will develop and externally validate ChAP-CUT&RUN beta kits. We envision ChAP-CUT&RUN will become one of the most widely used assays in the epigenetics field (given the vast gain in assay metrics vs. ChIP-Seq), with the potential to open new markets for the routine analysis of limited (i.e. precious) clinical samples.
Spike-in controls are needed for all genome-wide analyses as they: i) are essential for normalizing samples to enable cross-sample comparisons; and ii) can be used as internal controls to monitor assay variation (e.g. technical variability). EpiCypher has recently developed the application of DNA-barcoded semi-synthetic designer nucleosomes (dNucs) as qualitative / quantitative spike-in controls for histone post-translational modification (PTM) Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation (SNAP-ChIP). There are no equivalent tools for chromatin associated proteins (ChAPs), even though ChAPs comprise the majority of the rapidly growing ChIP-Seq market. To fill this need, EpiCypher is developing novel spike-in controls for quantitative, high-resolution mapping of ChAPs.
