A significant proportion of patients with renal failure who would benefit from kidney transplantation are highly pre-sensitized, i.e. they have high titers of pre-formed circulating antibodies (Abs) reactive with 80% or more of non-self allelic forms of class I and/or class II HLA antigens called panel reactive Abs (PRA). Upon transplantation, host PRA will bind to graft HLA antigens that are highly expressed on graft endothelial cells (ECs) where they activate host human complement resulting in deposition of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the ECs. Human MAC does not lyse human ECs, but instead alters them to express gene products that promote inflammation. The inflammatory milieu favors activation of adaptive immune effectors at the expense of protective immunoregulation. Consequently, if transplanted, patients with high titer PRA have increased episodes of acute and chronic rejection resulting in more graft failure and graft loss. Current therapeutic approaches include plasmapheresis to reduce the titer of circulating PRA, targeted elimination of Ab-producing cells and/or administration of high doses of intravenous gamma globulin to reduce inflammation, but PRA titers return and these interventions have had only limited impact on outcomes. We propose a novel strategy to complement these approaches, namely to reduce the response of graft ECs to PRA/MAC by reducing expression of HLA antigen targets and/or by inhibiting PRA/MAC signaling in ECs. The latter approach is based upon our elucidation of the relevant signaling pathways. To accomplish this, we will develop safe, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that are targeted towards graft ECs by means of conjugated anti-EC Abs and use these NPs to deliver siRNAs or small molecule therapeutics (?drugs?) during a period of ex vivo normothermic perfusion (EVNP), an approach that is being applied to improve energy stores in kidneys and other organs from deceased donors prior to transplantation. The NPs, which will be bound to and internalized by the graft ECs, will then serve as a depot for sustained release of the therapeutic agent for a period sufficient to allow graft accommodation and/or host immunoregulation to develop.
In Specific Aim 1, we will use human EC cultures and human artery segments interposed into the aortae of immunodeficient mice to identify the optimal siRNAs or drugs that can protect ECs from PRA. Our initial target will be prevention of Akt activation, a key step in PRA/MAC signaling.
In Specific Aim 2, we will identify optimal Abs for targeting renal human ECs and use these to identify conditions for efficient pan-EC delivery in human kidneys unsuitable for clinical transplantation that are subjected to EVNP by our collaborators at the University of Cambridge. (U01 support will be used only for experiments and analyses conducted at Yale; the costs of experimental EVNP will be provided by our Cambridge colleagues who are supported by a grant from the UK National Institute for Health Research and experimental EVNP will be conducted at the University of Cambridge under their Ethics Approval.) If successful, this approach can be extended to other uses and could justify a human clinical trial.
A significant percentage of patients who could benefit from receiving a transplanted kidney are prevented from doing so because they have a high level of antibodies in their blood that will recognize the cells lining the blood vessels of grafts from essentially all donors. These pre-formed antibodies will cause graft injury and loss and current therapies to reduce anti-graft antibody levels or their effects in these patients have had only limited success. We propose to develop and test proof of concept of a complementary approach to improve transplant outcomes in this population in which we will use safe, polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery of protective agents to the graft blood vessels before the graft is transplanted, taking advantage of a new approach in which harvested organs are pumped with blood components at body temperature for a few hours before the transplant surgery takes place.
| Tietjen, Gregory T; Bracaglia, Laura G; Saltzman, W Mark et al. (2018) Focus on Fundamentals: Achieving Effective Nanoparticle Targeting. Trends Mol Med 24:598-606 |
| Cui, Jiajia; Qin, Lingfeng; Zhang, Junwei et al. (2017) Ex vivo pretreatment of human vessels with siRNA nanoparticles provides protein silencing in endothelial cells. Nat Commun 8:191 |
| Tietjen, Gregory T; Hosgood, Sarah A; DiRito, Jenna et al. (2017) Nanoparticle targeting to the endothelium during normothermic machine perfusion of human kidneys. Sci Transl Med 9: |
