Antinociception and antagonists to this activity by recently developed opioidmimetic substances was determined in comparison to morphine (mu-opioid receptor agonist) and deltorpin (delta-opioid agonist) to assess their mode of action using mice models. The antinociception profile paralleled that of the in vitro functional pharmacological data GPI (guinea-pig ileum) and MVD (mouse vas deferens) and reflected the opioid-receptor binding affinity (see, Project 1 for details on the interaction of compounds with delta- and mu-opioid receptors). A series of novel Dmt-Tic pharmacophoric drugs or protodrugs exhibited antagonism in vitro and in vivo using the hot-plate (supraspinal effects, the central nervous system) and tail-flick test (spinal effects). The control compounds exhibited central (CNS) mediated analgesia and were orally bioavailable opioidmimetics. ? ? Interestingly, the N,N-dimethyl-Dmt-Tic-NH-adamantane and -tert-butyl derivatives inhibited tolerance to morphine in mice, which suggests that the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 1 was involved in this observation due to the inhibition in vitro of Pg-1 by these opioid analogues. Other Dmt-Tic compounds, MZ-2, in particular (patent application pending) prevents the formation of tolerance to morphine and like the allylated endomorphines (infra vide), but in contrast act as dual antagonists to inhibit both delta- and mu-opioid activities. Furthermore, the elimination of tolerance occurred without the severe side-effects seen with both naloxone and naltrexone. In addition, MZ-2 decreased food intact in ob/ob mice and altered the levels of several key indicators of obesity in the clinical analyses of blood samples; the data portend an application of MZ-2 in fighting obesity in human populations.? ? Studies on the mu opioid agonists containing Dmt in lieu of Tyr in endomorphins-1 and -2 revealed differences in their mode of action that also serve to differential these stucturally related compounds. Whereas both compounds exhibited potent analgesia, their mode of action and degree of analgesia was significantly different. Dmt enhanced all measured parameters of activity by orders of magnitude both in vitro and in vivo. N-allyl-Dmt-1endomorphin-1 and -2 derivatives were potent mu-opioid antagonists as demonstrated by intracerebroventricular administration in mice: they effectively inhibited morphine antinociception similar to naloxone. Both compounds effectively and completely eliminated withdrawal symptoms following either acute or chronic morphine addiction in mice, which differs from the detrimental effects by naloxone or naltrexone, a FDA approved drug in the treatment of alcoholism and addiction to dibilitating drugs, such as morhphine and heroin.
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