A study of the complex genetics of left-right (L-R) axis malformations has been undertaken with an emphasis on those genes that are associated with common phenotypes of L-R disorders, including situs inversus, heterotaxia and organ isomerism. L-R defects can result from either environmental or genetic causes (Roessler and Muenke, 2001) and it is the aim of these investigations to determine the genes responsible for both normal and abnormal L-R axis formation through the study of patients with these disorders. Mutations in several such genes have been shown to be responsible for several familial and sporadic cases of heterotaxia: ZIC3 (Gebbia et al. 1997), LEFTY A (Kosaki R, et al., 1999), ACVR2B (Kosaki K, et al. 1999), and CFC1 (Bamford et al., 2000). We anticipate that many additional genes important for L-R development will be identified in the search for genetic causes of laterality disorders.
| Edison, Robin; Muenke, Maximilian (2003) The interplay of genetic and environmental factors in craniofacial morphogenesis: holoprosencephaly and the role of cholesterol. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 43:1-21 |
| Roessler, Erich; Muenke, Maximilian (2003) How a Hedgehog might see holoprosencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 12 Spec No 1:R15-25 |
| Goldmuntz, Elizabeth; Bamford, Richard; Karkera, Jayaprakash D et al. (2002) CFC1 mutations in patients with transposition of the great arteries and double-outlet right ventricle. Am J Hum Genet 70:776-80 |
