Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a by-product of cellular metabolism and through exposure to ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and environmental carcinogens. A major base damage produced by ROS is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). Unlike normal guanine, 8-oxoG has the propensity to mispair with adenine during DNA replication, resulting in the fixation of G:C to T:A transversion mutations. Oxidatively modified bases, such as 8-oxoG, are repaired primarily by the base excision repair pathway (BER), the first steps of which are the recognition and excision of the damaged base by a specific DNA glycosylase. The major mammalian enzyme for removing 8-oxoG from DNA is 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1). OGG1 is a bifunctional enzyme, having both 8-oxoG excision activity and a weak AP-lyase strand incision activity at abasic sites. Following excision of 8-oxoG by OGG1, the resultant abasic site is further processed in sequential steps by several enzymes to complete repair. Studies of OGG1 knockout mice and immunodepletion experiments suggest that OGG1 is the major mammalian 8-oxoguanine repair activity in non-transcribed DNA. It is widely accepted that accumulation of oxidative DNA damage over time can lead to cancer. A role for OGG1 in tumor suppression is suggested by the frequent loss of the OGG1 chromosomal locus in human lung and renal cancers and by significantly lower OGG1 activity among lung cancer patients compared to controls. Changes in the OGG1 coding sequence that result in amino acid substitutions that affect function, abundance, or intracellular location could be anticipated to impact genomic 8-oxoG levels, and thereby influence genomic stability and carcinogenesis. Several OGG1 polymorphisms have been reported and positively correlate with a variety of cancers. A frequently occurring polymorphism results in the substitution of serine for cysteine at position 326 in the C-terminus of OGG1. We characterized the glycosylase and AP-lyase activities and DNA damage binding affinity of purified S326C and found novel functional defects in the polymorphic OGG1 and a distinct dimeric DNA binding conformation compared to the wild-type enzyme. Our results confirm that S326C has decreased repair activity towards 8-oxoG paired with C and further show that S326C OGG1 is particularly deficient in 8-oxoguanine excision activity when the lesion is opposite T or G. We characterized the enzymatic activity of the R229Q polymorphism and determined the effect of R229Q expression on KG-1 survival following exposure to DNA damaging agents. Our results showed that R229Q OGG1 is highly thermolabile and rapidly inactivated at physiological temperatures both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial R229Q OGG1 sensitized KG-1 cells to killing via an apoptotic pathway following exposure to menadione and 8-oxodG, thus R229Q promotes apoptosis following ROS and oxidized nucleoside exposure. We have also identified human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) as a specific target of the Ca2+-dependent protease Calpain I. The degradation of OGG1 by calpain may contribute to decreased 8-oxoguanine repair activity and elevated levels of 8-oxoguanine reported in tissues undergoing chronic oxidative stress, ischemia/reperfusion and other cellular stressors known to produce perturbations of intracellular calcium homeostasis which activate calpain. This year we have begun to address the question of whether other proteins that may be vital to recognition and processing of oxidatively induced DNA damage interact differently with polymorphic forms of OGG1. We have proceeded to examine at baseline the binding of wild type OGG1 to DNA damage sensing proteins. This has enabled us to understand more directly the possible role of OGG1 and its polymorphic variants in the processing and repair of oxidative DNA damage in cells from individuals who may be more vulnerable to the effects of oxidative stress. Multiple protein-protein interactions occur during the BER pathway in order to coordinate the highly intricate process of this pathway. We are using an unbiased biochemical approach in order to determine functional binding partners for OGG1. Using this approach, we preliminarily have determined that PARP-1 specifically interacts with OGG1. PARP-1 is a molecular sensor of DNA breaks and it plays a key role in repair of these breaks by either physically associating with or also by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of partner proteins including various nuclear proteins, histones, single-strand break repair proteins (SSBR), BER proteins and on PARP-1 itself. Furthermore, PARP-1 is activated in response to DNA damage and studies using knockout cells and PARP-1 inhibitors show that PARP-1 is important for maintaining genomic integrity. We are pursing experiments focused on the type of binding and the functional outcomes of this binding to OGG1.
| Jacob, Kimberly D; Noren Hooten, Nicole; Trzeciak, Andrzej R et al. (2013) Markers of oxidant stress that are clinically relevant in aging and age-related disease. Mech Ageing Dev 134:139-57 |
| Noren Hooten, Nicole; Kompaniez, Kari; Barnes, Janice et al. (2011) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) binds to 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1). J Biol Chem 286:44679-90 |
| Noren Hooten, Nicole; Evans, Michele K (2011) The ultimate transformers: mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Cycle 10:4189-90 |
