In a previous study (Gitlin et al. Cardiovascular Res., 73:227, 2007), we reported the involvement of COX-2 in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Furthermore, preliminary studies in our laboratory have indicated that B-arrestin2-mediated signaling leads to the induction of COX-2. In the present research, we have continued these studies and investigated the roles of B-arrestin2 and COX-2 in the formation of AAAs. AAA formation involves an abnormal dilation of the aorta, followed by macrophage infiltration and extensive remodeling of the vessel wall, which with time may lead to life-threatening AAA rupture. We have used a model of angiotensin II (AngII) induced AAAs in mice to study AAA formation and investigate the roles of B-arrestin2 and COX-2 in the induction of AAAs. We previously demonstrated that the deficiency of COX-2 attenuates the incidence AAAs in mice (Gitlin et al.), and furthermore that AngII induces significant COX-2 expression in the abdominal aortas of mice. Similar to our previous observation that COX-2-deficiency reduced AAA formation, our current studies show that the deficiency of B-arrestin2 significantly reduced AngII-induced AAA formation in mice. To identify possible mechanisms by which B-arrestin2 contributes to AAA formation, we have compared the induction of COX-2, ERK1/2 activation, MCP-1 and MIP1 in B-arrestin2+/+ and -/- mice. Our conclusion is that the deficiency of B-arrestin2 attenuates the incidence of AngII-induced AAAs by decreasing B-arrestin2-mediated ERK1/2 activation and the induction of COX-2. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are engineered graphene cylinders that have numerous potential applications in engineering, electronics and medicine. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that CNTs cause inflammation and fibrosis in the rodent lung and suggests that these nanomaterials could pose a potential health risk. In order to elucidate mechanisms of inflammation and fibrosis caused by CNTs, we determined whether multi-walled CNTs (MWCNT) induced the expression of two key inflammatory enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW264.7 macrophages through a MAPK-dependent mechanism. COX-2 and iNOS were time and dose dependently induced by MWCNT, whereas carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP) had no affect on iNOS or COX-2 expression. COX-2 and iNOS induction by MWCNT correlated with increased PGE2 and NO production, respectively. Furthermore, MWCNT caused ERK-1,2 activation and inhibition of ERK-1,2 (U0126) blocked MWCNT induction of COX-2 but not the induction of iNOS. In contrast, inhibition of iNOS (L-NAME) had no affect on ERK-1,2 activation, but decreased COX-2 induction about 50%. Finally, we observed that nickel nanoparticles (NiNP), which are present in MWCNT, also induced COX-2 through an ERK-dependent mechanism. This study identifies COX-2, iNOS and ERK as molecular targets and possible biomarkers of CNT exposure.
| Trivedi, Darshini B; Loftin, Charles D; Clark, James et al. (2013) ?-Arrestin-2 deficiency attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice. Circ Res 112:1219-29 |
| Sayers, Brian C; Taylor, Alexia J; Glista-Baker, Ellen E et al. (2013) Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in exacerbation of allergen-induced airway remodeling by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 49:525-35 |
| Lee, Jong Kwon; Sayers, Brian C; Chun, Kyung-Soo et al. (2012) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce COX-2 and iNOS expression via MAP kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Part Fibre Toxicol 9:14 |
| Zhang, Dan; Hu, Xiaoming; Qian, Li et al. (2009) Prostaglandin E2 released from activated microglia enhances astrocyte proliferation in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238:64-70 |
