Grasslands cover 40% of Earth's land surface today, provide habitats for over a billion animals including humans, and greatly influence global climate and the carbon and silica cycles. Understanding the history of the grassland biome is essential for disentangling its complex controls and predicting how natural grasslands and crop plants will respond to ongoing human induced climate change. In recent years, analysis of fossilized plant silica (phytoliths) has shed much needed light on evolutionary and ecological events during the establishment of grasslands. However, gaining further knowledge depends critically on refined methods for identifying specific grass lineages in the fossil record. This CAREER research has two main goals. First, the project will enhance the use of phytoliths for robust taxonomic (the naming of species) and ecological interpretations through the first comprehensive and detailed mapping of grass phytolith shapes in an evolutionary framework, coupled with mapping of other, functionally relevant traits (e.g., photosynthetic pathway) and environmental preferences. Second, project will use this "key" to fossil grass types and ecology to tackle two outstanding questions in grass evolution: (1) When and in what environments did grasses originate and diversify?; and (2) What drove the ecological expansion of grasses with C4 photosynthesis?
To address the first question, the project will study Cretaceous-Paleogene (145-23 million years ago) phytolith assemblages from Argentina to determine the evolutionary relationships between the grasses present, and use this information to determine when the lineage split occurred. Phytolith assemblage analysis and other paleobotanical evidence will help determine what early grass habitats were like. To address the second question, the project will analyze Miocene-Pliocene (23-2.6 million years ago) phytolith assemblages from Kansas to document the ecological expansion of C4 grasses in the Great Plains. The project will infer major C4 grass lineages present, and reconstruct changes in vegetation structure. Direct comparison with stable isotopic data from the section will permit testing of which factors influenced the rise to dominance of C4 grasses. The results of this research program will transform the study of ecosystem change during the last ~70 million years, specifically the assembly of grasslands, and allow evaluation of what processes control grassland evolution, in the past and in the future. It will also contribute fundamentally to archaeology, where phytoliths have long been a principal tool for tracking domestication of crop plants and land use.
The integrated themes explored in this research program--evolution, ecology, and environmental change--will be incorporated into formal and informal education at the middle-school- to graduate-school-level and public outreach. This educational component will be accomplished through (1) inquiry-based labs and activities in my undergraduate courses at University of Washington, (2) research mentoring of one postdoctoral researcher, one graduate student, and at least 7 undergraduates in the lab and field, (3) design of new exhibits at the Burke Museum demonstrating evolution research in action, and (4) an after-school program aiming to engage middle-school girls, which remain minorities in STEM, in evolution-ecology science. The joint research and educational activities proposed here aim to inspire a greater appreciation for the processes that shaped and continue to shape our world, and more broadly, a better understanding of the practice of science and critical thinking in students of all ages.
