This three-year award supports U.S.-France cooperative research in biophysics between Stephen Slatin, Einstein College of Medicine and Daniel Baty at the Laboratory of Engineering and Dynamics of Membrane Systems, French National Center for Scientific Research, Marseille. The objective of their research is to study at the molecular level, the mechanisms by which ion channels are gated by voltage, and the mechanisms that govern protein/lipid interactions. These processes are crucial to the functioning of most cells. The investigators will study the colicin crystal structure. The project will benefit from complementary U.S. and French expertise and by combining the different techniques and protein studies of the two groups.