Type I diabetes is a progressive autoimmune disease that often renders patients dependent on exogenous insulin administration. While therapeutic insulin has greatly enhanced the life expectancy of Type I diabetics, there is significant morbidit and mortality associated with its use. Transplantation of insulin-producing pancreatic islets offers a potential means of restoring normoglycemia independent of exogenous insulin administration. Clinical trials of alloislet transplantation showed tremendous promise in terms of insulin independence at one year after transplant;however, the great majority of patients lost insulin independence by five years post transplantation, most likely as a result of insufficient and/or toxic immunosuppression. Current immunosuppressive agents, in particular calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), induce significant renal toxicity, adverse cardiovascular events, and can be diabetogenic. There is a clear need for more effective immunosuppressive agents to preserve islet allografts in order to facilitate the further translation of this therapy to clinical practic. Antagonism of T cell costimulation pathways is an effective means of inhibiting alloreactive T cell responses as an alternative to CNIs. Blockade of the CD28 and CD40L pathways with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) showed tremendous promise in pre-clinical models. Unfortunately, both mAbs are not clinically viable due to unwanted side effects that are the result of Fc-mediated crosslinking. To circumvent these issues, we propose to use novel domain antibody (dAb) costimulation blockers that cannot mediate these adverse events. Data from our lab in skin transplant models has shown that these molecules possess equal or greater efficacy in preventing graft rejection than the existing costimulation blockade therapeutics CTLA-4 Ig and CD154 mAbs. The overall goal of this proposal is to evaluate the potential of these novel dAbs to prevent alloislet rejection in murine models. We will first evaluate the efficacy of the dAbs in fully allogeneic naive and autoimmune T cell models of islet transplantation compared to CTLA-4 Ig and CD154 mAbs. Then, using the OVA TCR transgenic system that has been extensively utilized in our lab, we will investigate the cellular mechanisms of induction of long-term graft survival by these dAbs. The proposed research project will serve as a framework for the applicant's training plan to integrate basic science research on transplantation tolerance into a career as a physician-scientist whose research interest will focus on developing new therapeutics for autoimmune disease.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed research is relevant to public health because it investigates the use of anti-CD28 and anti-CD154 domain antibodies as a novel therapeutic agents to attenuate both alloreactive T cell responses in islet transplantation. CD28 dAbs selectively target CD28 costimulatory signals while leaving CTLA-4 coinhibitory signals intact, while CD154 dAbs block the CD154 pathway without unwanted side effects related to the formation of blood clots. This contribution is relevant to NIH's mission in that it has the potentil to facilitate the development of safe and effective immunosuppression for patients receiving islet replacement therapy for the cure of Type I diabetes.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Individual Predoctoral NRSA for M.D./Ph.D. Fellowships (ADAMHA) (F30)
Project #
1F30DK098928-01
Application #
8527297
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZDK1-GRB-R (J1))
Program Officer
Castle, Arthur
Project Start
2013-09-01
Project End
2015-08-31
Budget Start
2013-09-01
Budget End
2014-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$46,666
Indirect Cost
Name
Emory University
Department
Surgery
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
066469933
City
Atlanta
State
GA
Country
United States
Zip Code
30322
Krummey, Scott M; Martinez, Ryan J; Andargachew, Rakieb et al. (2016) Low-Affinity Memory CD8+ T Cells Mediate Robust Heterologous Immunity. J Immunol 196:2838-46
Krummey, Scott M; Chen, Ching-Wen; Guasch, Sara A et al. (2016) Enhanced Requirement for TNFR2 in Graft Rejection Mediated by Low-Affinity Memory CD8+ T Cells during Heterologous Immunity. J Immunol 197:2009-15
Krummey, Scott M; Ford, Mandy L (2015) New insights into T-cell cosignaling in allograft rejection and survival. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 20:43-8
Krummey, S M; Ford, M L (2014) Braking bad: novel mechanisms of CTLA-4 inhibition of T cell responses. Am J Transplant 14:2685-90
Krummey, Scott M; Floyd, Tamara L; Liu, Danya et al. (2014) Candida-elicited murine Th17 cells express high Ctla-4 compared with Th1 cells and are resistant to costimulation blockade. J Immunol 192:2495-504
Krummey, S M; Cheeseman, J A; Conger, J A et al. (2014) High CTLA-4 expression on Th17 cells results in increased sensitivity to CTLA-4 coinhibition and resistance to belatacept. Am J Transplant 14:607-14
Liu, Danya; Krummey, Scott M; Badell, I Raul et al. (2014) 2B4 (CD244) induced by selective CD28 blockade functionally regulates allograft-specific CD8+ T cell responses. J Exp Med 211:297-311