This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. The overall goals of this study are to determine whether snack foods rich in polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) produce beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease risk compared to snacks rich in saturated fats (SFA) and trans fats and snacks rich in refined carbohydrates. The primary objective of this study is to determine the effects of substituting n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid) from Frito-Lay snack products for SFA/trans fat and refined carbohydrate on serum lipids -principally LDL-C - and lipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women. A secondary objective is to assess effects on lipoprotein subclass particle size, intramyocellular lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Forty-two men and women will be recruited to participate in a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding experiment for 3 periods of 4 weeks each. Each feeding phase will be separated by an 8-week washout period. To achieve an isocaloric substitution with PUFA, 300 kcal coming from low-fat, high-carbohydrate snacks will be removed from the Step 1 diet (NCEP diet) and replaced with 300 kcal of PUFA-rich snacks (LO diet). The primary study variable will be serum/plasma LDL-cholesterol. Secondary variables will include lipids and lipoproteins including total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides, and intramyocellular lipids. Exploratory variables will include assessment of lipid subclass particle size and CRP, a marker of systemic inflammation. Supportive variables will include fasting blood glucose and insulin, percent body fat mass, blood pressure and demographic informatio
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