The protistan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted by the tsetse vector, lives freely in the bloodstream and causes the lethal disease African Sleeping Sickness in humans and the similar disease Nagana in various livestock. There are only four drugs for this disease, and the most effective drug, melarsoprol, is highly toxic and parasite resistance to this drug is on the rise. Thus, it becomes increasingly important to find new anti-parasitic targets and develop new therapeutic strategies. The parasite's interface to its hosts is a dense glycoprotein coat on the cell surface which consists of a single type of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) in the form parasitizing the mammalian bloodstream and of procyclin in the form multiplying in the fly midgut. The coat protects the parasite from lytic host components and antigenic variation of the VSG coat is the parasite's means to evade the immune response. The complete VSG coat is expressed with extreme efficiency from a single VSG gene. This expression level is crucial for the parasite because silencing VSG expression leads to rapid cessation of parasite growth in culture and effective clearance of trypanosomes from infected mice. T. brucei has evolved a unique multifunctional RNA polymerase (pol) I system to effectively transcribe both VSG and Procyclin genes (class I transcription). In other eukaryotes, this efficient enzyme transcribes exclusively the large ribosomal gene unit whereas in T. brucei, RNA pol I is recruited to four structurally different promoters, involved in development-dependent transcriptional regulation, and sequestered into two distinct subnuclear compartments. Hence, it is most likely that this unprecedented versatility requires essential proteins, protein domains and protein-protein interactions that are unique to the parasite and absent in the hosts. As parasite-specific features, we have thus far characterized the novel, multi-subunit transcription factor CITFA that is indispensable for class I transcription and for RNA pol I, the novel and essential subunit RPA31, an unusual N-terminal extension domain in subunit RPA2, and a variant set of the common subunits RPB5, RPB6 and RPB10 that is specific to RNA pol I. As a prerequisite for small molecule inhibition studies, we will proceed to functionally characterize these unique proteins and analyze their protein-protein interactions. In addition, we will exploit our newly developed protein purification technology to identify new class I transcription factors. Public Health Statement The proposed studies of this application will explore transcription factors that are indispensable for the lethal parasite Trypanosoma brucei to express its major cell surface antigens and to survive in its human and vector hosts. Accordingly, these factors are essential for parasite growth. Since some of them appear to be specific to the parasite, they are potential new targets for chemotherapy. Such targets are urgently needed be- cause drugs to cure a T. brucei infection are few and toxic and parasite resistance to these drugs is on the rise.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI059377-09
Application #
8207262
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-IDM-H (03))
Program Officer
Mcgugan, Glen C
Project Start
2004-01-15
Project End
2013-12-31
Budget Start
2012-01-01
Budget End
2012-12-31
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$362,637
Indirect Cost
$117,612
Name
University of Connecticut
Department
Genetics
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
022254226
City
Farmington
State
CT
Country
United States
Zip Code
06030
Kirkham, Justin K; Park, Sung Hee; Nguyen, Tu N et al. (2016) Dynein Light Chain LC8 Is Required for RNA Polymerase I-Mediated Transcription in Trypanosoma brucei, Facilitating Assembly and Promoter Binding of Class I Transcription Factor A. Mol Cell Biol 36:95-107
Günzl, Arthur; Kirkham, Justin K; Nguyen, Tu N et al. (2015) Mono-allelic VSG expression by RNA polymerase I in Trypanosoma brucei: expression site control from both ends? Gene 556:68-73
Hope, Ronen; Ben-Mayor, Efrat; Friedman, Nehemya et al. (2014) Phosphorylation of the TATA-binding protein activates the spliced leader silencing pathway in Trypanosoma brucei. Sci Signal 7:ra85
Park, Sung Hee; Nguyen, Bao N; Kirkham, Justin K et al. (2014) A new strategy of RNA interference that targets heterologous sequences reveals CITFA1 as an essential component of class I transcription factor A in Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryot Cell 13:785-95
Nguyen, Tu N; Müller, Laura S M; Park, Sung Hee et al. (2014) Promoter occupancy of the basal class I transcription factor A differs strongly between active and silent VSG expression sites in Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 42:3164-76
Kim, Hee-Sook; Park, Sung Hee; Günzl, Arthur et al. (2013) MCM-BP is required for repression of life-cycle specific genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I in the mammalian infectious form of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 8:e57001
Badjatia, Nitika; Nguyen, Tu N; Lee, Ju Huck et al. (2013) Trypanosoma brucei harbours a divergent XPB helicase paralogue that is specialized in nucleotide excision repair and conserved among kinetoplastid organisms. Mol Microbiol 90:1293-308
Nguyen, Tu N; Nguyen, Bao N; Lee, Ju Huck et al. (2012) Characterization of a novel class I transcription factor A (CITFA) subunit that is indispensable for transcription by the multifunctional RNA polymerase I of Trypanosoma brucei. Eukaryot Cell 11:1573-81
Park, Sung Hee; Nguyen, Tu N; Gunzl, Arthur (2012) Development of an efficient in vitro transcription system for bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei reveals life cycle-independent functionality of class I transcription factor A. Mol Biochem Parasitol 181:29-36
Park, Sung Hee; Nguyen, Tu N; Kirkham, Justin K et al. (2011) Transcription by the multifunctional RNA polymerase I in Trypanosoma brucei functions independently of RPB7. Mol Biochem Parasitol 180:35-42

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