Heat shock protein gp96 is a key downstream chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that mediates ER unfolded protein responses (UPR). Cell surface expression of gp96 in a transgenic mouse leads to spontaneous lupus-like autoimmune disease which is dependent on commensal bacteria and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This finding, together with the discovery that gp96 is a master chaperone for TLRs, has moved the field forward significantly: we now hypothesize that gp96 tunes the immune system by chaperoning TLRs but not by signaling through TLRs;depending on its expression level and location, gp96 can break tolerance if upregulated and can confer immunodeficiency if compromised in expression or function. The previously unappreciated roles of TLR4 in lupus have been validated by lupus in TLR4-overexpressing mice. Studies of the mechanism of autoimmunity in gp96 transgenic mice have also uncovered the potential impact of chronic TLR hyperresponsiveness to commensal flora on IL-10-producing CD4? T cells (TR1) and IL-17-secreting CD4 cells (TH17) in vivo. In this proposal, we will critically address the hypothesis that TLR4 amplification at either DNA level or post translational level significantly impact the biology (priming, maintenance and function) of both TR1 and TH17, leading to breakdown of peripheral tolerance. We will also define the hierarchy of TLRs in driving lupus with particular focus on the roles of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs in our model. Our study is of fundamental significance in understanding the roles of TLRs in immunity and tolerance via regulating TR1 and TH17, since the dysregulation of these cell types has been increasingly implicated in autoimmune diseases. Our recent findings that the surface expression of gp96 is highly regulated in vivo and that the increased expression of gp96 on the cell surface correlates with human lupus highlight the clinical relevance of our study.

Public Health Relevance

This project addresses the mechanism of lupus, which has implications in the understanding of general immunobiology, cancer immunity and other autoimmune diseases.
We aim to prove the hypothesis that the overexpression of particular cell surface stress proteins leads to heightened responses against microbes, which in turn triggers the development of autoimmunity through complex actions on two critical immune regulatory cells.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
7R01AI077283-07
Application #
8091738
Study Section
Transplantation, Tolerance, and Tumor Immunology (TTT)
Program Officer
Johnson, David R
Project Start
2009-03-01
Project End
2014-02-28
Budget Start
2010-07-01
Budget End
2011-02-28
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$365,063
Indirect Cost
Name
Medical University of South Carolina
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
183710748
City
Charleston
State
SC
Country
United States
Zip Code
29425
Metelli, Alessandra; Salem, Mohammad; Wallace, Caroline H et al. (2018) Immunoregulatory functions and the therapeutic implications of GARP-TGF-? in inflammation and cancer. J Hematol Oncol 11:24
Lin, Ching Ying; Kwon, Hyunwoo; Rangel Rivera, Guillermo O et al. (2018) Sex Differences in Using Systemic Inflammatory Markers to Prognosticate Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 27:1176-1185
Thaxton, Jessica E; Wallace, Caroline; Riesenberg, Brian et al. (2017) Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Controls CD4+ T-cell Activation and Antitumor Function. Cancer Immunol Res 5:666-675
Hong, Feng; Mohammad Rachidi, Saleh; Lundgren, Debbie et al. (2017) Mapping the Interactome of a Major Mammalian Endoplasmic Reticulum Heat Shock Protein 90. PLoS One 12:e0169260
Neitzke, Daniel J; Bowers, Jacob S; Andrijauskaite, Kristina et al. (2017) Murine Th17 cells utilize IL-2 receptor gamma chain cytokines but are resistant to cytokine withdrawal-induced apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 66:737-751
Rachidi, Saleh; Metelli, Alessandra; Riesenberg, Brian et al. (2017) Platelets subvert T cell immunity against cancer via GARP-TGF? axis. Sci Immunol 2:
Rachidi, Saleh; Wallace, Kristin; Wrangle, John M et al. (2016) Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and overall survival in all sites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 38 Suppl 1:E1068-74
Anas, Adam A; de Vos, Alex F; Hoogendijk, Arie J et al. (2016) Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone gp96 in macrophages is essential for protective immunity during Gram-negative pneumonia. J Pathol 238:74-84
Zhou, Zejun; Ding, Miao; Huang, Lei et al. (2016) Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses in intestinal macrophages; implications for mucosal immunity and autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 173:81-86
Zhang, Yongliang; Wu, Bill X; Metelli, Alessandra et al. (2015) GP96 is a GARP chaperone and controls regulatory T cell functions. J Clin Invest 125:859-69

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