Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea, at a cost of greater than 1.1 billion dollars per year in the United States alone. Despite the clinical impact of C. difficile it remains unclear how C. difficile colonizes the host and evades the host immune defenses. Several lines of evidence suggest antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system play an important role in controlling C. difficile infections. However how C. difficile responds to the stress caused by antimicrobial peptides is poorly understood. One major reason for this lack of understanding is the inability to genetically manipulate this strict anaerobe. We have successfully constructed stable targeted mutations in C. difficile. Our long-term goal is to better understand how C. difficile resists the innate immune defenses during an infection. Extra-Cytoplasmic Function (ECF) factors represent an important class of signal transduction systems which respond to cell envelope stresses. Although ECF factors are involved in resistance to innate immune defenses in Gram- negative pathogens, the role of ECF factors during infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens has not been established. The objective of this application is to define the role of ECF sigma factors in the cell envelope stress response of C. difficile and determine to how these ECF sigma factors contribute to the virulence properties of C. difficile. Preliminary evidence suggests the C. difficile genome encodes three ECF sigma factors which are induced in response to cell envelope stress. The role of ECF sigma factors in resistance cell envelope stress and pathogenesis C. difficile will be determined in the following specific aims: 1) Determine how PrsW controls expression of the C. difficile ECF factors CsfT and CsfU, 2) Define the role of these C. difficile ECF factors in resistance to cell envelope stress and pathogenesis, and 3) Identify the regulons of these C. difficile ECF factors. The proposed research is relevant to the mission of the NIH because it is expected to advance our knowledge of how this increasingly clinically important Gram-positive pathogen resists cell envelope stress and host innate immune defenses. A better understanding of the cell envelope stress response may provide new targets for treatment of C. difficile infections.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed studies will broaden the understanding of a significant human pathogen which has not been well investigated. C. difficile infections are of great public health concern as the incidence and severity of C. difficile-associated disease continues to rise. The research proposed here has relevance to public health, because it focuses on understanding how C. difficile resists damage to its cellular envelope which is an important target of both antibiotics and the innate immune defenses.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI087834-04
Application #
8605500
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Ranallo, Ryan
Project Start
2011-02-15
Project End
2016-01-31
Budget Start
2014-02-01
Budget End
2015-01-31
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Iowa
Department
Microbiology/Immun/Virology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
City
Iowa City
State
IA
Country
United States
Zip Code
52242
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Schlievert, Patrick M; Kilgore, Samuel H; Kaus, Gabriela M et al. (2018) Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) and a Nonaqueous Five-Percent GML Gel Kill Bacillus and Clostridium Spores. mSphere 3:
Castro, Ana N; Lewerke, Lincoln T; Hastie, Jessica L et al. (2018) Signal Peptidase Is Necessary and Sufficient for Site 1 Cleavage of RsiV in Bacillus subtilis in Response to Lysozyme. J Bacteriol 200:
Hastie, Jessica L; Williams, Kyle B; Bohr, Lindsey L et al. (2016) The Anti-sigma Factor RsiV Is a Bacterial Receptor for Lysozyme: Co-crystal Structure Determination and Demonstration That Binding of Lysozyme to RsiV Is Required for ?V Activation. PLoS Genet 12:e1006287
Ransom, Eric M; Weiss, David S; Ellermeier, Craig D (2016) Use of mCherryOpt Fluorescent Protein in Clostridium difficile. Methods Mol Biol 1476:53-67
Ho, Theresa D; Ellermeier, Craig D (2015) Ferric Uptake Regulator Fur Control of Putative Iron Acquisition Systems in Clostridium difficile. J Bacteriol 197:2930-40
Ransom, Eric M; Ellermeier, Craig D; Weiss, David S (2015) Use of mCherry Red fluorescent protein for studies of protein localization and gene expression in Clostridium difficile. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:1652-60
Hastie, Jessica L; Williams, Kyle B; Sepúlveda, Carolina et al. (2014) Evidence of a bacterial receptor for lysozyme: binding of lysozyme to the anti-? factor RsiV controls activation of the ecf ? factor ?V. PLoS Genet 10:e1004643
Ho, Theresa D; Williams, Kyle B; Chen, Yan et al. (2014) Clostridium difficile extracytoplasmic function ? factor ?V regulates lysozyme resistance and is necessary for pathogenesis in the hamster model of infection. Infect Immun 82:2345-55
Ransom, Eric M; Williams, Kyle B; Weiss, David S et al. (2014) Identification and characterization of a gene cluster required for proper rod shape, cell division, and pathogenesis in Clostridium difficile. J Bacteriol 196:2290-300

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