Many studies of the human microbiome underemphasize the complexity of strain-level genetic diversity, partly due to computational challenges. This is an important problem because subtle genomic alterations can sharply impact microbial behavior, e.g. antibiotic resistance. Strain-level investigations are needed to understand how genomes change over time, and also to accurately characterize how microbial communities assemble, respond to perturbations, and vary among individuals. Our work focuses on the infant gut microbiome to address these fundamental biologic questions and to identify connections between infant health and early patterns of colonization. The objective of this project is to use strain-resolved metagenomic analyses to monitor microbial colonization in the infant gut during the first three years of life. We will test the hypothesis that early configurations of the infant microbiome can negatively impact maturation of the gut microbiome later in childhood. If this hypothesis is true, then manipulation of the microbiome in at-risk individuals, particularly premature infants, may provide opportunities to improve health outcomes. Our proposed work will characterize the population structure of microbial communities that develop during colonization of the infant gut and examine the roles of strain persistence, strain immigration, in situ genome diversification, and mobile genetic elements. To understand major temporal changes in strain or species abundance, we will utilize a novel method to infer microbial growth rates as well as community wide gene expression. We will conduct strain- level analyses of fecal samples from 100 newborn infants and their mothers during the first three years of life. We will include 40 preterm infants with no major medical problems, half born via caesarean section; 40 preterm infants that develop either necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or late-onset sepsis (LOS), half born via caesarean section; and 20 full term infants, half born via caesarean section. Deep sequencing of microbial DNA will enable genome reconstruction from coexisting bacterial, archaeal (if present), phage, and plasmid populations. This will allow us to track species membership, community structure, metabolic potential, and population-level genetic heterogeneity. We will use these data to test the hypothesis that some early-establishing strains persist beyond the initial colonization period (Aim 1); to test the hypothesis that stable gut microbial communities possess higher strain-level diversity than unstable gut microbial communities (Aim 2); and to test the hypothesis that clinical variables in the newborn period impact patterns of strain acquisition in the first three years of life (Aim 3). Improved understanding of community assembly and diversification in the infant gut could translate to improved outcomes by uncovering strategies for disease prevention and treatment. This research will also reveal universal principles of microbial community dynamics that will have implications for other aspects of human health and science.

Public Health Relevance

Recent research indicates that patterns of gut bacterial colonization in newborns affect development of the infant immune system and impact risk for disease. However, we lack details about how gut bacteria assemble and change over time during childhood, particularly for premature infants. Using a novel metagenomic approach with resolution at the level of bacterial strains, we will examine features of gut colonization in term and preterm infants to test whether clinical variables in the newborn period predispose preterm infants to anomalous colonization patterns later in childhood.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI092531-09
Application #
9717183
Study Section
Genetic Variation and Evolution Study Section (GVE)
Program Officer
Ranallo, Ryan
Project Start
2011-07-15
Project End
2021-06-30
Budget Start
2019-07-01
Budget End
2020-06-30
Support Year
9
Fiscal Year
2019
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California Berkeley
Department
Other Basic Sciences
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
124726725
City
Berkeley
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94710
Brown, Christopher T; Xiong, Weili; Olm, Matthew R et al. (2018) Hospitalized Premature Infants Are Colonized by Related Bacterial Strains with Distinct Proteomic Profiles. MBio 9:
Rahman, Sumayah F; Olm, Matthew R; Morowitz, Michael J et al. (2018) Machine Learning Leveraging Genomes from Metagenomes Identifies Influential Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Infant Gut Microbiome. mSystems 3:
Brooks, Brandon; Olm, Matthew R; Firek, Brian A et al. (2018) The developing premature infant gut microbiome is a major factor shaping the microbiome of neonatal intensive care unit rooms. Microbiome 6:112
Brooks, Brandon; Olm, Matthew R; Firek, Brian A et al. (2017) Strain-resolved analysis of hospital rooms and infants reveals overlap between the human and room microbiome. Nat Commun 8:1814
Olm, Matthew R; Brown, Christopher T; Brooks, Brandon et al. (2017) dRep: a tool for fast and accurate genomic comparisons that enables improved genome recovery from metagenomes through de-replication. ISME J 11:2864-2868
Olm, Matthew R; Brown, Christopher T; Brooks, Brandon et al. (2017) Identical bacterial populations colonize premature infant gut, skin, and oral microbiomes and exhibit different in situ growth rates. Genome Res 27:601-612
Costello, Elizabeth K; Sun, Christine L; Carlisle, Erica M et al. (2017) Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii replicates, diversifies, and co-occurs with Trichomonas vaginalis in the oral cavity of a premature infant. Sci Rep 7:3764
Raveh-Sadka, Tali; Firek, Brian; Sharon, Itai et al. (2016) Evidence for persistent and shared bacterial strains against a background of largely unique gut colonization in hospitalized premature infants. ISME J 10:2817-2830
Brown, Christopher T; Olm, Matthew R; Thomas, Brian C et al. (2016) Measurement of bacterial replication rates in microbial communities. Nat Biotechnol 34:1256-1263
Raveh-Sadka, Tali; Thomas, Brian C; Singh, Andrea et al. (2015) Gut bacteria are rarely shared by co-hospitalized premature infants, regardless of necrotizing enterocolitis development. Elife 4:

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