Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the hospital and long term health care settings. In addition to the patient toll, the treatment-associated costs of C. difficile infections to the United States healthcare system have been estimated at $3.2 billion. Although the rate of C. difficile infection in the United States is rising, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms of C. difficile pathogenesis. C. difficile is believed to be acquired by the host in the form of a dormant spore. To cause disease, the spore must respond in the gastrointestinal tract to signals that trigger germination, thereby allowing growth as a vegetative bacterium, toxin production and subsequent spore formation before excretion into the environment. We have shown that taurocholic acid, a bile acid normally found in the GI tract, and glycine are co-germinants for C. difficile spores. Another bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, inhibits taurocholic acid-mediated germination and is toxic for C. difficile vegetative growth. We recently identified the molecular target of bile acids on the C. difficile spore thus identifying the first C. difficile spore germinnt receptor. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of C. difficile germination and use that knowledge to rationally design inhibitors of C. difficile infection. In ths application, we propose to: (1) identify how the C. difficile spore germinant receptor interacts with bile acids; (2) identify binding partners and the ultrastructural location of the germinant receptor in the C. difficile spore; (3) determine who CspC transmits the bile acid signal to initiae spore germination; and (4) identify other C. difficile germinant receptors. Successful completion of the experiments outlined herein will extend our understanding of the mechanisms of C. difficile germination, open new avenues in the study of C. difficile spore formation and spore germination and lead to the identification of homologs of the newly discovered germinant receptors in other spore-forming bacteria (opening other avenues of investigation).

Public Health Relevance

Successful completion of the experiments listed in this application will characterize, in detail, the Clostridium difficile bile acid-recognizing germinant receptor, a protein that is important for C. difficile infection. We will define the bile acid bindng pocket, determine CspC binding partners, identify how CspC transmits the bile acid signal to initiate spore germination and identify other spore germinant receptors. The knowledge gained from these experiments will lead to the design of novel therapeutics to combat C. difficile spore germination.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01AI116895-02
Application #
9040882
Study Section
Host Interactions with Bacterial Pathogens Study Section (HIBP)
Program Officer
Ranallo, Ryan
Project Start
2015-04-01
Project End
2020-03-31
Budget Start
2016-04-01
Budget End
2017-03-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2016
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Texas A&M University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
020271826
City
College Station
State
TX
Country
United States
Zip Code
77845
Shrestha, Ritu; Sorg, Joseph A (2018) Hierarchical recognition of amino acid co-germinants during Clostridioides difficile spore germination. Anaerobe 49:41-47
Zhu, Duolong; Sorg, Joseph A; Sun, Xingmin (2018) Clostridioides difficile Biology: Sporulation, Germination, and Corresponding Therapies for C. difficile Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:29
Bhattacharjee, Disha; Sorg, Joseph A (2018) Conservation of the ""Outside-in"" Germination Pathway in Paraclostridium bifermentans. Front Microbiol 9:2487
Girinathan, Brintha P; Monot, Marc; Boyle, Daniel et al. (2017) Effect oftcdRMutation on Sporulation in the EpidemicClostridium difficileStrain R20291. mSphere 2:
Shrestha, Ritu; Lockless, Steve W; Sorg, Joseph A (2017) A Clostridium difficile alanine racemase affects spore germination and accommodates serine as a substrate. J Biol Chem 292:10735-10742
McAllister, Kathleen N; Bouillaut, Laurent; Kahn, Jennifer N et al. (2017) Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing to generate C. difficile mutants defective in selenoproteins synthesis. Sci Rep 7:14672
Francis, Michael B; Sorg, Joseph A (2016) Dipicolinic Acid Release by Germinating Clostridium difficile Spores Occurs through a Mechanosensing Mechanism. mSphere 1:
Bhattacharjee, Disha; Francis, Michael B; Ding, Xicheng et al. (2016) Reexamining the Germination Phenotypes of Several Clostridium difficile Strains Suggests Another Role for the CspC Germinant Receptor. J Bacteriol 198:777-86
Bhattacharjee, Disha; McAllister, Kathleen N; Sorg, Joseph A (2016) Germinants and Their Receptors in Clostridia. J Bacteriol 198:2767-75
Francis, Michael B; Sorg, Joseph A (2016) Detecting Cortex Fragments During Bacterial Spore Germination. J Vis Exp :

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