Obese vs lean humans show greater gustatory/oral somatosensory and reward region responsivity to palatable food images/cues and this predicts future weight gain (Yokum et al., in press;Prelim Studies;Stice et al., 2008a,d, 2010b;Stoeckel et al., 2008), in line with reward surfeit and incentive sensitization models of obesity (Berridge, 2009;Davis et al., 2004). Yet, obese vs lean humans have fewer dopamine (DA) receptors in striatal reward regions, show reduced striatal response to palatable food intake, and low striatal response predicts future weight gain in those at genetic risk for reduced DA signaling (Felsted et al., 2010;Stice et al., 2008a,d;Wang et al., 2001;Volkow et al., 2008), in line with the reward deficit model of obesity (Wang et al., 2002b). One explanation for the mixed findings is that some of these findings reflect initial risk factors and others result from overeating. Firing of DA neurons in reward regions shifts from food intake to cues that predict food intake after conditioning (Kiyatkin et al., 1994;Schultz et al., 1993) and overeating leads to reduced D2 receptor density, D2 sensitivity, and reward sensitivity in rats (Alsio et al., 2010;Kelley et al. 2003;Johnson &Kenny, 2010) and striatal response to food in humans (Stice et al., 2010a), implying that overeating leads to increased incentive sensitization and down-regulation of reward regions. Further, reduced inhibitory region response to food images/cues predicts future overeating and weight gain (Cornier et al., 2010;Prelim Studies). Data imply that youth at risk for obesity initially show greater responsivity of regions that encode the reward value of food cues, coupled with greater responsivity of gustatory/oral somatosensory regions that encode the sugar and fat content of foods, and with reduced inhibitory region responsivity, which lead to overeating/weight gain that produces blunted striatal DA signaling, increased responsivity of reward valuation regions to food cues, and reduced inhibitory activation in response to food stimuli, increasing risk for further overeating/weight gain. We propose to conduct a rigorous test of this dynamic-vulnerability model using a novel repeated measures fMRI design in which teens complete scans annually over 4 years.
Aim 1 : test whether elevated gustatory/oral somatosensory and reward region responsivity and reduced inhibitory region responsivity to palatable food images, cues, and intake of food varying in sugar/fat content, and behavioral inhibitory control deficits/immediate reward bias predict initial increases in % body fat in 130 lean teens.
Aim 2 : use growth curve models to test whether initial increases in % body fat and energy dense food intake predict future decreases in striatal response to palatable food receipt, increases in reward circuitry response to palatable food images/ cues, decreased inhibitory region response to food images/cues, and increased behavioral inhibitory control deficits/immediate reward bias.
Aim 3 : test whether decreased striatal response to palatable food, increased reward region response to food images/cues, reduced inhibitory region response to food images/cues, behavioral inhibitory control deficits/immediate reward bias predict further escalation in % body fat.

Public Health Relevance

The proposed project addresses a significant public health problem because obesity results in over 111,000 deaths in the US and over $150 billion in health care expenses annually. As the first repeated-measures brain imaging study to test the dynamic vulnerability model of the emergence and escalation of overeating, this project should markedly advance our understanding of the pathophysiology and neural plasticity that appears to give rise to obesity. Findings should lead to more effective clinical practice, as results may suggest that interventions that reduce hyper-responsivity of gustatory/oral somatosensory regions to food intake, increase inhibitory region response to food images/cues, or minimize initial intake of particularly calorically dense foods may effectively prevent obesity, and that interventions that correct striatal hypo-responsivity to food, reward circuitry hyper-responsivity o food cues, and inhibitory control deficits may effectively treat obesity.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01DK092468-02
Application #
8468703
Study Section
Neural Basis of Psychopathology, Addictions and Sleep Disorders Study Section (NPAS)
Program Officer
Laughlin, Maren R
Project Start
2012-05-15
Project End
2017-04-30
Budget Start
2013-05-01
Budget End
2014-04-30
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$558,999
Indirect Cost
$190,625
Name
Oregon Research Institute
Department
Type
DUNS #
053615423
City
Eugene
State
OR
Country
United States
Zip Code
97403
Shearrer, Grace E; Stice, Eric; Burger, Kyle S (2018) Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes. Am J Clin Nutr 107:859-866
Gilbert, Jennifer R; Stice, Eric; Burger, Kyle S (2018) Elevated Thalamic Response to High-Sugar Milkshake in Ethnic and Racial Minorities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 5:580-587
Stice, E; Yokum, S (2018) Relation of neural response to palatable food tastes and images to future weight gain: Using bootstrap sampling to examine replicability of neuroimaging findings. Neuroimage 183:522-531
Stice, Eric; Desjardins, Christopher D (2018) Interactions between risk factors in the prediction of onset of eating disorders: Exploratory hypothesis generating analyses. Behav Res Ther 105:52-62
Stice, Eric; Yokum, Sonja (2016) Neural vulnerability factors that increase risk for future weight gain. Psychol Bull 142:447-71
Alonso-Alonso, Miguel; Woods, Stephen C; Pelchat, Marcia et al. (2015) Food reward system: current perspectives and future research needs. Nutr Rev 73:296-307
Val-Laillet, D; Aarts, E; Weber, B et al. (2015) Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 8:1-31
Stice, Eric; Burger, Kyle; Yokum, Sonja (2013) Caloric deprivation increases responsivity of attention and reward brain regions to intake, anticipated intake, and images of palatable foods. Neuroimage 67:322-30
Stice, Eric; Burger, Kyle S; Yokum, Sonja (2013) Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and somatosensory regions. Am J Clin Nutr 98:1377-84
Stice, Eric; Figlewicz, Dianne P; Gosnell, Blake A et al. (2013) The contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:2047-58