We humans are extraordinarily visual organisms, indeed a third of our cerebral cortex is devoted to processing visual information. The main starting point for much of this processing is a large region at the back of the brain called primary visual cortex, which holds a maplike representation of the visual world. This region connects to at least thirty other regions of the brain, each of which processes a different kind of visual information. Although most research focuses on the """"""""forward"""""""" processing of visual information from primary visual cortex up to these higher stages of the visual brain, in fact it has been known for decades that there are at least as many connections that go in the other direction, from high visual areas """"""""backward"""""""" down to primary visual cortex. Yet, the role of these """"""""backward"""""""" connections in visual perception is not well understood. This proposal asks what those """"""""backward"""""""" visual connections do, by investigating a surprising new phenomenon reported very recently by the PI's lab. In this new phenomenon, brain imaging (specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI) was used to show that high-level information about the shape of an object represented presented in the peripheral visual field is present the center of the maplike representation in primary visual cortex. This finding is surprising because this information is in the """"""""wrong"""""""" part of the visual map, so this information must be coming from higher level parts of the visual system, via the """"""""backward"""""""" connections. This proposal uses fMRI, as well as behavioral methods and a method called transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) that allows us to disrupt this maplike representation, to ask why this """"""""feedback"""""""" representation is found in visual cortex, whether it plays a causal role in visual perception, and exactly where it is within the maplike part of visual cortex.

Public Health Relevance

This research is relevant to public health because it will tell us how the visual cortex works in humans. Disorders of vision are catastrophic, and we cannot help people with visual disorders without understanding how their brains process visual information. In particular, this work will be important for the future development of a neural prosthesis for people suffering from visual impairments, as well as for developing new training strategies for helping people recover from certain types of central visual disorders.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY013455-16
Application #
8607948
Study Section
Central Visual Processing Study Section (CVP)
Program Officer
Steinmetz, Michael A
Project Start
1996-08-01
Project End
2014-12-31
Budget Start
2014-01-01
Budget End
2014-12-31
Support Year
16
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$376,875
Indirect Cost
$151,875
Name
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department
Type
Organized Research Units
DUNS #
001425594
City
Cambridge
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02139
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Dilks, Daniel D; Julian, Joshua B; Peli, Eli et al. (2014) Reorganization of visual processing in age-related macular degeneration depends on foveal loss. Optom Vis Sci 91:e199-206

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