Our aim is to develop Xenopus tropicalis as a robust, relevant and rapid vertebrate model system for the analysis of the regulatory functions conferred by gene-specific conserved non-coding elements (CNEs). The hypothesis underlying this proposal is that many developmental processes, including embryonic patterning and organogenesis, are highly conserved among vertebrates, and that the genetic machinery regulating these processes is also likely to be conserved. The Xenopus tropicalis draft genome sequence provides a powerful resource for comparative analysis of vertebrate gene regulation, because the evolutionary distance from frog to mammals permits one to readily identify CNEs, which in many cases act as regulatory elements for nearby genes. Discovery of complex long-range cis-regulation of gene expression, particularly for developmental control genes, is a major biological spin-off of comparative genomics. This collaborative project, aimed at increasing our understanding of both normal organogenesis and human genetic diseases, will use the highly efficient and rapid transgenesis system in Xenopus to screen putative regulatory elements in a system that allows many manipulations of gene activity and complementary assays of biological function. Development of this methodology is highly significant because it will enhance the ability of biologists to rapidly identify and examine regulatory elements in genes, even large sets of genes, involved in many facets of cell and developmental biology. This project serves the Xenopus community at large by developing and integrating genomic and transgenic approaches that strengthen the utility of Xenopus as a model organism. We propose to apply this approach to the problem of eye formation and function, the subject of study in both the Grainger laboratory and the collaborating van Heyningen group, albeit from differing, complementary perspectives. The Grainger lab, and several others, have been involved in identification of regulatory genes involved in embryonic eye formation. The ability to rapidly identify and study the regulatory elements of genes involved in eye formation has begun to provide, and will continue to reveal significant new insights regarding the gene networks controlling eye formation. A very different perspective is the insight that these studies can provide for understanding human genetic diseases, as studied in the van Heyningen laboratory.

Public Health Relevance

Increasingly there is evidence that gene regulatory elements, some quite distant from the coding sequence, are essential for correct gene function, and, when altered, cause disease phenotypes. There has been no systematic way to identify enhancer elements controlling gene expression, however, and therefore the database of putative enhancers that might be affected by mutations is limited to a small group of serendipitously discovered elements. The approaches described here permit one to develop a large database of regulatory elements, their roles in gene expression, and the phenotypes associated with mutations in them, which will be a highly valuable resource for identifying genetic lesions in human patients. Increasingly there is evidence that gene regulatory elements, some quite distant from the coding sequence, are essential for correct gene function, and, when altered, cause disease phenotypes. There has been no systematic way to identify enhancer elements controlling gene expression, however, and therefore the database of putative enhancers that might be affected by mutations is limited to a small group of serendipitously discovered elements. The approaches described here permit one to develop a large database of regulatory elements, their roles in gene expression, and the phenotypes associated with mutations in them, which will be a highly valuable resource for identifying genetic lesions in human patients.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY018000-02
Application #
7744634
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1-GGG-T (52))
Program Officer
Araj, Houmam H
Project Start
2009-01-01
Project End
2012-12-31
Budget Start
2010-01-01
Budget End
2010-12-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$339,442
Indirect Cost
Name
University of Virginia
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
065391526
City
Charlottesville
State
VA
Country
United States
Zip Code
22904
Nakayama, Takuya; Nakajima, Keisuke; Cox, Amanda et al. (2017) no privacy, a Xenopus tropicalis mutant, is a model of human Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome and allows visualization of internal organogenesis during tadpole development. Dev Biol 426:472-486
Bhatia, Shipra; Gordon, Christopher T; Foster, Robert G et al. (2015) Functional assessment of disease-associated regulatory variants in vivo using a versatile dual colour transgenesis strategy in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 11:e1005193
Nakayama, Takuya; Fisher, Marilyn; Nakajima, Keisuke et al. (2015) Xenopus pax6 mutants affect eye development and other organ systems, and have phenotypic similarities to human aniridia patients. Dev Biol 408:328-44
Nakayama, Takuya; Blitz, Ira L; Fish, Margaret B et al. (2014) Cas9-based genome editing in Xenopus tropicalis. Methods Enzymol 546:355-75
Bhatia, Shipra; Monahan, Jack; Ravi, Vydianathan et al. (2014) A survey of ancient conserved non-coding elements in the PAX6 locus reveals a landscape of interdigitated cis-regulatory archipelagos. Dev Biol 387:214-28
Fish, Margaret B; Nakayama, Takuya; Fisher, Marilyn et al. (2014) Xenopus mutant reveals necessity of rax for specifying the eye field which otherwise forms tissue with telencephalic and diencephalic character. Dev Biol 395:317-330
Zeng, Mei; Kuzirian, Marissa S; Harper, Lamia et al. (2013) Organic small hairpin RNAs (OshR): a do-it-yourself platform for transgene-based gene silencing. Methods 63:101-9
Bhatia, Shipra; Bengani, Hemant; Fish, Margaret et al. (2013) Disruption of autoregulatory feedback by a mutation in a remote, ultraconserved PAX6 enhancer causes aniridia. Am J Hum Genet 93:1126-34
Nakayama, Takuya; Fish, Margaret B; Fisher, Marilyn et al. (2013) Simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in Xenopus tropicalis. Genesis 51:835-43
Ravi, Vydianathan; Bhatia, Shipra; Gautier, Philippe et al. (2013) Sequencing of Pax6 loci from the elephant shark reveals a family of Pax6 genes in vertebrate genomes, forged by ancient duplications and divergences. PLoS Genet 9:e1003177

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