Gene regulation of retinal cell differentiation in development is crucial for the generation of mature and functional retinal neurons that form the cellular basis of visual function. Dysregulation in retinal development causes developmental abnormalities of eye and impairs visual function. Stem cell-based regenerative medicine and cell replacement therapy require a better understanding of key developmental regulators and signal pathways in retinal cell differentiation. Our long-term goal of this proposal is to elucidat those molecular mechanisms that control the maintenance of multipotential retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and their subsequent photoreceptor cell commitment. We predict that RPC-multipotency factors (providing differentiation potentials) and lineage-specific signals act in concert to initiate the expression of decision-making gene(s) that steer(s) a subset of RPCs towards the photoreceptor lineage. However, not much is known about the molecular events in the regulation of RPC multipotency and the initiation of photoreceptor cell differentiation. Homeodomain transcription factors Six3 and Six6 are structurally similar and largely co-expressed in multipotent RPCs in mouse. Our current preliminary studies have identified severe RPC defects in Six3; Six6 compound null retinas; these RPC defects are not evident in either Six3 or Six6 single null retinas. In photoreceptor cell differentiation, homeodomain transcription factor Otx2 is the earliest marker and the essential upstream regulator in a gene network that direct photoreceptor precursors to either rods or cones. Thus, Otx2 is a decision-making gene whose expression marks cell commitment, and dissection of the regulatory components for its neuroretinal expression help unravel as yet unknown molecular mechanisms that promote RPCs to differentiate into photoreceptor precursors. Now we have identified a novel, highly conserved enhancer that recapitulates the initial Otx2 retinal expression. In this proposal we aim 1) to elucidate the regulatory pathways under the control of Six3/Six6 joint functions in retinal cell differentiation and 2) to determine the molecular mechanisms that control Otx2 retinal expression through this Otx2 retinal enhancer. The outcomes of these studies will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling the maintenance of multipotential retinal progenitor cells and photoreceptor cell differentiation, and thus facilitate the design of novel strategies for the generation of specific retinal cells, e.g., photoreceptor cells, from the culturs of human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells in the endeavor of modeling and treatment of human retinal diseases.

Public Health Relevance

The endeavor that utilizes the remarkable differentiation potentials of stem cells to replace diseased or degenerated retinal cells requires proper control of gene regulation to instruct stem cells to differentiate into target retinal cells (e.g. photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells). Understanding of the developmental abnormalities of human eyes needs the knowledge of gene regulation of retinal cell differentiation. The outcomes of the proposed studies are expected to make an impact on these two aspects of research.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Eye Institute (NEI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01EY022645-03
Application #
8843868
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (BVS)
Program Officer
Neuhold, Lisa
Project Start
2013-05-01
Project End
2018-04-30
Budget Start
2015-05-01
Budget End
2016-04-30
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$409,150
Indirect Cost
$164,150
Name
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Department
Ophthalmology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
110521739
City
Bronx
State
NY
Country
United States
Zip Code
10461
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Liu, Wei; Cvekl, Ales (2017) Six3 in a small population of progenitors at E8.5 is required for neuroretinal specification via regulating cell signaling and survival in mice. Dev Biol 428:164-175
He, Shuying; Limi, Saima; McGreal, Rebecca S et al. (2016) Chromatin remodeling enzyme Snf2h regulates embryonic lens differentiation and denucleation. Development 143:1937-47
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Cvekl, Ales; McGreal, Rebecca; Liu, Wei (2015) Lens Development and Crystallin Gene Expression. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 134:129-67
Liu, Wei (2012) Focus on molecules: Wnt8b: a suppressor of early eye and retinal progenitor formation. Exp Eye Res 101:113-4