The ability of small molecules to enter cells is a critical parameter in development of pharmaceutical agents and tools for chemical biology. Most synthetic compounds enter cells by passive diffusion across the membrane. The goal of this proposal is to increase our understanding of, and ability to predict, passive membrane permeation. The ultimate test of this understanding will be rationally modifying compounds to improve membrane permeation. The work proposed here builds on existing models of membrane permeation, but the model we are developing differs from most in practical use by being more directly based on an understanding of the physics of passive membrane permeation. As such, it is systematically improvable, and has broad applicability. We propose to 1. Implement and test a physics-based model for passive membrane permeability. A first generation of this model has been described in a series of papers by the PI, and has emphasized the role of conformational flexibility and the ability to form internal hydrogen bonds in promoting membrane permeation. We will extend this model to include other critical aspects of the physics, including entropic losses upon membrane insertion and the semi-ordered hydrophobic environment of the membrane interior, comparing to both literature data and new data generated in Aims 2 and 3. 2. Interrogate key aspects of membrane permeation using cyclic peptides, and use this knowledge to design highly permeable cyclic peptides. We propose to use cyclic peptides as a challenging model system for studying passive membrane permeation. The relative synthetic ease of creating cyclic peptides facilitates developing series of compounds that differ in well-defined ways, such as stereochemistry, rigidity, size, hydrophobicity, etc. As in our earlier work, computational predictions will always be made prior to experimental testing, and the results will probe specific aspects of the physics of membrane permeation. 3. Interrogate key aspects of membrane permeation using non-peptidic small molecules, and use this knowledge in practical efforts to optimize the chemical properties of protein inhibitors. One of the collaborative projects involves improving membrane permeability for inhibitors of parasite cysteine proteases, which have typically had poor bioavailability. A central element of this proposal is collaborations with chemists Scott Lokey (UCSC) and Adam Renslo (UCSF) to test and apply the computational models. Tight coupling between computational modeling and experimental testing is central to this proposal, allowing iterative improvement of our physical understanding of passive membrane permeability and computational methods that encapsulate that understanding. Success of this work will enable hypothesis-driven (""""""""engineering"""""""") approaches to improving membrane permeability.

Public Health Relevance

One important property of drugs is their ability to enter cells, especially for drugs that are taken orally. This proposal is concerned with developing new computer programs that can predict the ability of compounds to enter cells, and experimental testing of these methods. Success of this work has the potential to reduce the time and cost of early-stage drug discovery, such as the proposed project to develop improved drug candidates for """"""""sleeping sickness"""""""", a serious parasitic disease common in Africa.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM086602-02
Application #
7762177
Study Section
Macromolecular Structure and Function D Study Section (MSFD)
Program Officer
Chin, Jean
Project Start
2009-02-01
Project End
2013-01-31
Budget Start
2010-02-01
Budget End
2011-01-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2010
Total Cost
$253,227
Indirect Cost
Name
University of California San Francisco
Department
Pharmacology
Type
Schools of Pharmacy
DUNS #
094878337
City
San Francisco
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
94143
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Rafi, Salma B; Hearn, Brian R; Vedantham, Punitha et al. (2012) Predicting and improving the membrane permeability of peptidic small molecules. J Med Chem 55:3163-9
Leung, Siegfried S F; Mijalkovic, Jona; Borrelli, Kenneth et al. (2012) Testing physical models of passive membrane permeation. J Chem Inf Model 52:1621-36
Nilmeier, Jerome; Hua, Lan; Coutsias, Evangelos A et al. (2011) Assessing protein loop flexibility by hierarchical Monte Carlo sampling. J Chem Theory Comput 7:1564-1574
White, Tina R; Renzelman, Chad M; Rand, Arthur C et al. (2011) On-resin N-methylation of cyclic peptides for discovery of orally bioavailable scaffolds. Nat Chem Biol 7:810-7
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Chen, Chiung-Kuang; Leung, Siegfried S F; Guilbert, Christophe et al. (2010) Structural characterization of CYP51 from Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei bound to the antifungal drugs posaconazole and fluconazole. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e651