Antibiotic resistance evolution is commonly mediated by missense mutations in a single protein (e.g. antifolate resistance mutations are often in dihydrofolate reductase, quinoline resistance mutations are often in DNA gyrase, rifamycin resistance mutations are often in RNA polymerase). This fact draws attention to the mechanistic details of protein evolution: how do individual mutations influence protein structure and function so as to allow pathogenic microbes to survive in the presence of the drug? b-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin and the cephalosporins) represent 65% of the world antibiotic market [65], and the TEM serine b-lactamases are the chief source of clinical, plasmid mediated b-lactam resistance [64]. The biochemical and biophysical determinants of TEM b-lactamase activity are experimentally accessible [e.g. 2, 7], making this an ideal model system in which to dissect the mechanistic process of protein evolution. The present proposal is to use a novel, geometric model of protein evolution to do just this. This work simultaneously advances the field of evolutionary genetics, which is now beginning to move from statistical tests for evidence of natural selection to questions of molecular mechanism [4]. Recent work has highlighted the fact that to be successful a protein must perform its function (e.g. enzymes must catalyze their chemical reactions) but simultaneously it is under stabilizing selection (i.e. must fall within narrow tolerances) for structural traits such as folding stability, aggregation and degradation potentials and likely others. Moreover, most missense mutations exhibit pleiotropy, meaning that they perturb more than one such trait. These biophysical and biochemical considerations motivate a picture of protein evolution in which adaptation is a succession of mutations, each with net beneficial effect that act by substantially improving some traits while modestly degrading others [5]. This model decomposes protein evolution into its mechanistically most proximal components, and is formally analogous to a geometric model of adaptation first proposed by RA Fisher [6]. In the present proposal, this theory is extended to allow inference into mutational mechanisms of action based on their effect on organismal fitness. This theoretical innovation is important because measuring mutational effects on fitness is often far more practical than is the identification of their biochemical and biophysical mode of action. This theory will then be applied to a novel panel of mutations in TEM b-lactamase, whose effect on drug resistance will be characterized as a proxy for fitness. Finally, capitalizing on the experimental tractability of TEM b- lactamases, predictions made about these b-lactamase mutations using this theory will be validated via the bottom-up, biochemical and biophysical characterization of the mechanism of these same mutations.

Public Health Relevance

Motivated by recent insights into the requirements of protein function, this proposal extends a classic geometric model of evolution to yield insights into the mechanisms of adaptation in the TEM b-lactamase enzyme, responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics related to penicillin. This work is important because many cases of microbial drug resistance evolution are mediated by mutations in a single protein. TEM b-lactamases are well suited to this work: they are well studied and thus this system is experimentally very tractable.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01GM095728-01
Application #
8021945
Study Section
Genetic Variation and Evolution Study Section (GVE)
Program Officer
Eckstrand, Irene A
Project Start
2011-09-15
Project End
2016-08-31
Budget Start
2011-09-15
Budget End
2012-08-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2011
Total Cost
$239,765
Indirect Cost
Name
Brown University
Department
Biology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
001785542
City
Providence
State
RI
Country
United States
Zip Code
02912
Weinreich, Daniel M; Lan, Yinghong; Jaffe, Jacob et al. (2018) The Influence of Higher-Order Epistasis on Biological Fitness Landscape Topography. J Stat Phys 172:208-225
Knies, Jennifer L; Cai, Fei; Weinreich, Daniel M (2017) Enzyme Efficiency but Not Thermostability Drives Cefotaxime Resistance Evolution in TEM-1 ?-Lactamase. Mol Biol Evol 34:1040-1054
Meini, María-Rocío; Tomatis, Pablo E; Weinreich, Daniel M et al. (2015) Quantitative Description of a Protein Fitness Landscape Based on Molecular Features. Mol Biol Evol 32:1774-87
Watson, Richard A; Wagner, Günter P; Pavlicev, Mihaela et al. (2014) The evolution of phenotypic correlations and ""developmental memory"". Evolution 68:1124-38
Weinreich, Daniel M; Knies, Jennifer L (2013) Fisher's geometric model of adaptation meets the functional synthesis: data on pairwise epistasis for fitness yields insights into the shape and size of phenotype space. Evolution 67:2957-72
Weinreich, Daniel M; Lan, Yinghong; Wylie, C Scott et al. (2013) Should evolutionary geneticists worry about higher-order epistasis? Curr Opin Genet Dev 23:700-7