Preservation of homeostasis is a fundamental condition for any organism. The most conservative mechanism for cellular protection is the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp), which are involved in the repair and stabilization of key cellular processes after stress. Although the primary function of hsp is circumscribed to intracellular events, they have been found outside cells, released by an active process. We hypothesize that extracellular hsp are exported to alert the immune system that a localized stress or injury has occurred. Therefore, the immune system is primed to mount a timely response in case the localized insult should propagate. We have coined this systemic mechanism to sense stress the stress observation system (SOS). An important feature of the SOS is that hsp are released associated with extracellular vesicles (ECV) derived from the plasma membrane. These vesicles contain information for targeting specific cell types for the delivery of the stress information. Prior investigations have shown that Hsp70 (Hsp72), the major inducible form of the hsp family, was found embedded in the plasma membrane of cells recovering from a stress. In addition, Hsp70 can be inserted into artificial lipid bilayers, openin ion conductance pathways. Moreover, Hsp70 was released from cells associated with ECV. Hsp70-positive ECV is able to interact with macrophages (M s), inducing a response that primes cells to ameliorate, prevent, or defend the organism from subsequent insults, which is consistent with the role of hsp in stress tolerance. The objective of this application is to elucidate the mechanisms of Hsp70 insertion into the plasma membrane and ECV release and interaction with M s. These investigations will provide novel cellular mechanisms for protein export and activation of immune cells, which are likely to constitute new pillars of knowledge for cellular biology as well as biomedical research. Moreover, our studies may define a new regulatory system that senses the occurrence of stress in the form of vesicles that permit the communication between distant cells. An understanding of this novel communication system may be of help in the diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients.

Public Health Relevance

Extracellular hsp are part of the stress response, but at a systemic level. Hsp70 is released into circulation to alert the organism that stress has occurred, and the presence of Hsp70 in circulation may prime cells of the innate immune system after the occurrence of a localized injury to prepare for the potential propagation of the insult and offer protection from subsequent stresses.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01GM098455-04
Application #
8839783
Study Section
Surgery, Anesthesiology and Trauma Study Section (SAT)
Program Officer
Dunsmore, Sarah
Project Start
2012-09-01
Project End
2016-04-30
Budget Start
2015-05-01
Budget End
2016-04-30
Support Year
4
Fiscal Year
2015
Total Cost
$289,078
Indirect Cost
$96,578
Name
University of California San Diego
Department
Surgery
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
804355790
City
La Jolla
State
CA
Country
United States
Zip Code
92093
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Arispe, Nelson; De Maio, Antonio (2018) Memory Loss and the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease Could Be Under the Control of Extracellular Heat Shock Proteins. J Alzheimers Dis 63:927-934
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Lopez, Victor; Cauvi, David M; Arispe, Nelson et al. (2016) Bacterial Hsp70 (DnaK) and mammalian Hsp70 interact differently with lipid membranes. Cell Stress Chaperones 21:609-16
Bickler, Stephen W; Lizardo, Radhames E; De Maio, Antonio (2015) The transition from a rural to an urban environment alters expression of the human Ebola virus receptor Neiman-Pick C1: implications for the current epidemic in West Africa. Cell Stress Chaperones 20:203-6
Armijo, Gabrielle; Okerblom, Jonathan; Cauvi, David M et al. (2014) Interaction of heat shock protein 70 with membranes depends on the lipid environment. Cell Stress Chaperones 19:877-86
De Maio, Antonio (2014) What can we learn from elegant clinical studies?*. Crit Care Med 42:972-3
Bickler, Stephen W; De Maio, Antonio (2013) Dysfunction of the innate immune system during sepsis: a call for research. Crit Care Med 41:364-5
De Maio, Antonio; Vazquez, Daniel (2013) Extracellular heat shock proteins: a new location, a new function. Shock 40:239-46

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