The behavioral and emotional competencies that emerge during the preschool period are predictive of school readiness and long term socio-emotional adjustment. Consequently, this period has been acknowledged as a critical window for intervention. There is an abundance of research indicating that specific temperament characteristics can function as risk or protective factors in child development. Much of this work assumes that temperament represents stable and enduring characteristics and overlooks the possibility that there may be age-related changes in temperament that impact development in other domains. Moreover, there are a number of methodological problems that have hampered research in this area (i.e., reliance on a single rater;measures insensitive to change). The proposed longitudinal, multi-method twin study will address these weaknesses. Latent Growth Models will be used in a genetically-informative twin sample to examine patterns of temperament change across the preschool period and their relations to behavior problems, prosocial behaviors and academic readiness-three behavioral areas that have substantial long-term significance. We will also explore the mechanisms responsible for developmental change, both in terms of parenting effects, and genetic and environmental influences more generally. The temperament dimensions of negative emotionality, positive emotionality, activity level, attention, persistence, shyness and inhibitory control will be longitudinally accessed via multiple methods (e.g., behavioral tests, observations, actigraphs and parent ratings) in a sample of 300 twin pairs at 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Parent report and observational measures of parenting behavior will also be obtained at each age. Developmental outcome measures will include externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, prosocial behavior, and academic readiness.
The specific aims of the study are to: 1) Explore individual differences in developmental change across the preschool period using observational measures of temperament in addition to parent ratings;2) Assess links between child temperament and parenting trajectories. 3) Explore relations between temperament trajectories and developmental outcomes at age 5;and 4) Examine genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in temperament trajectories. The knowledge gained from this study will enhance understanding of temperament development and its relation to children's mental health outcomes and will contribute significantly to early childhood interventions through aiding in the early identification of high risk children, and providing insight on the early malleability of """"""""risky"""""""" versus """"""""protective"""""""" temperament characteristics.

Public Health Relevance

Temperament has been linked to a wide variety of developmental outcomes. Knowledge of the factors influencing temperament development and of developmental pathways linking temperament to outcomes would reveal potential targets of prevention and intervention, and provide insight on the early malleability of risky versus protective temperament characteristics. The present study focuses on temperament during the preschool period because behavioral and emotional competencies that emerge during this period are predictive of school readiness and socio-emotional adjustment through the school years.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HD068435-03
Application #
8607200
Study Section
Behavioral Genetics and Epidemiology Study Section (BGES)
Program Officer
Griffin, James
Project Start
2012-04-01
Project End
2017-01-31
Budget Start
2014-02-01
Budget End
2015-01-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
$583,437
Indirect Cost
$190,619
Name
Boston University
Department
Psychology
Type
Schools of Arts and Sciences
DUNS #
049435266
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02215
Flom, Megan; Wang, Manjie; Uccello, Kendra J et al. (2018) Parent- and Observer-Rated Positive Affect in Early Childhood: Genetic Overlap and Environmental Specificity. Behav Genet 48:432-439
Jelenkovic, Aline; Yokoyama, Yoshie; Sund, Reijo et al. (2018) Associations between birth size and later height from infancy through adulthood: An individual based pooled analysis of 28 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project. Early Hum Dev 120:53-60
Flom, Megan; Saudino, Kimberly J (2018) Do Genetic Factors Explain the Links Between Callous-Unemotional, Attention Hyperactivity and Oppositional Defiant Problems in Toddlers? J Abnorm Child Psychol 46:1217-1228
Flom, Megan; Saudino, Kimberly J (2017) Callous-unemotional behaviors in early childhood: Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change. Dev Psychopathol 29:1227-1234
Canfield, Caitlin F; Edelson, Lisa R; Saudino, Kimberly J (2017) Genetic and Environmental Links Between Natural Language Use and Cognitive Ability in Toddlers. Child Dev 88:573-583
Micalizzi, Lauren; Wang, Manjie; Saudino, Kimberly J (2017) Difficult temperament and negative parenting in early childhood: a genetically informed cross-lagged analysis. Dev Sci 20:
Jelenkovic, Aline; Yokoyama, Yoshie; Sund, Reijo et al. (2017) Association between birthweight and later body mass index: an individual-based pooled analysis of 27 twin cohorts participating in the CODATwins project. Int J Epidemiol 46:1488-1498
Silventoinen, Karri; Jelenkovic, Aline; Latvala, Antti et al. (2017) Education in Twins and Their Parents Across Birth Cohorts Over 100 years: An Individual-Level Pooled Analysis of 42-Twin Cohorts. Twin Res Hum Genet 20:395-405
Yokoyama, Yoshie; Jelenkovic, Aline; Sund, Reijo et al. (2016) Twin's Birth-Order Differences in Height and Body Mass Index From Birth to Old Age: A Pooled Study of 26 Twin Cohorts Participating in the CODATwins Project. Twin Res Hum Genet 19:112-24
Micalizzi, Lauren; Ronald, Angelica; Saudino, Kimberly J (2016) A Genetically Informed Cross-Lagged Analysis of Autistic-Like Traits and Affective Problems in Early Childhood. J Abnorm Child Psychol 44:937-47

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