Despite more than two decades of health literacy research, causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes have not been well-defined. The result has been continued controversy in the concept's definition and less-informed interventions attempting to either promote clear, actionable health communication or reduce literacy disparities in healthcare with variable success. The lead investigators (Paasche-Orlow &Wolf) have previously proposed a conceptual framework for health literacy. While it has been frequently cited in the literature, there have been limited opportunities to test and refine the underlying premises. Indeed, no conceptual model of health literacy to date has been empirically tested. Leveraging several unique and large datasets that include an expanse of relevant covariates, we propose rigorous secondary analyses to investigate proposed causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes including intermediary chronic disease outcomes, quality of life, hospitalization and mortality risk. In addition, we will specifically examine how health literacy may potentially serve a mediating role and in part explain certain known health disparities. Associations between low health literacy and worse outcomes will be mostly explained by inadequate knowledge, self-efficacy, services use, and self-care behavior. Low health literacy, numeracy, problem-solving, and knowledge with health behaviors will represent significant mediators of the relationship between race/ethnicity and worse clinical outcomes. Seven unique and diverse datasets in which the most common measures used in health literacy research (REALM, TOFHLA, NVS, others) and a rich array of additional key variables were measured. Structural equation modeling, meditational and meta-analytic techniques to determine causal pathways linking health-related literacy, numeracy, problem-solving, and knowledge with health behaviors, outcomes, and disparities will be used. Chronic disease (HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, asthma control) functional health status and quality of life cognitive function risk of hospitalization and mortality. The outcomes are an improved understanding of the causal mechanisms linking health literacy to health outcomes and the role of health literacy in explaining health disparities. This will be the most extensive investigation of its kind, and will significantly contribute to our understanding of the important factors inherent in defining health literacy and how best to respond to the problem. We will disseminate our findings on a Web site to promote transparency and allow continued modification of the model as further data become available.

Public Health Relevance

Researchers over the past several years have produced an unprecedented number of studies demonstrating very strong associations between low 'health literacy'and poor health outcomes. There have been many attempts to respond to the problem, but very few have been successful and those that have worked were multi- faceted strategies wherein the actual cause for any improvement was not clear. We will use rigorous analytic methods to refine conceptual models linking health literacy to health outcomes. Improving our understanding of causal pathways will reveal the true targets for intervention, allowing for more effective solutions to mitigate the problem of low health literacy and potentially reduce disparities.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01HL116630-02
Application #
8716809
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZRG1)
Program Officer
Kaufmann, Peter G
Project Start
2013-08-08
Project End
2016-07-31
Budget Start
2014-08-01
Budget End
2015-07-31
Support Year
2
Fiscal Year
2014
Total Cost
Indirect Cost
Name
Boston Medical Center
Department
Type
DUNS #
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02118
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Nguyen, Tam H; Paasche-Orlow, Michael K; McCormack, Lauren A (2017) The State of the Science of Health Literacy Measurement. Stud Health Technol Inform 240:17-33
Eneanya, Nwamaka D; Winter, Michael; Cabral, Howard et al. (2016) Health Literacy and Education as Mediators of Racial Disparities in Patient Activation Within an Elderly Patient Cohort. J Health Care Poor Underserved 27:1427-40
Gupta, Vishal K; Winter, Michael; Cabral, Howard et al. (2016) Disparities in Age-Associated Cognitive Decline Between African-American and Caucasian Populations: The Roles of Health Literacy and Education. J Am Geriatr Soc 64:1716-23
Gwynn, Kendrick B; Winter, Michael R; Cabral, Howard J et al. (2016) Racial disparities in patient activation: Evaluating the mediating role of health literacy with path analyses. Patient Educ Couns 99:1033-7
Smith, Samuel G; O'Conor, Rachel; Curtis, Laura M et al. (2015) Low health literacy predicts decline in physical function among older adults: findings from the LitCog cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 69:474-80