Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia are neuropsychiatric diseases with origins in development, genetics and the environment. Understanding how environmental influences converge with genetic predispositions during specific developmental windows to create a sensitive period is the key to discovering the etiology of and potential therapeutic treatments for these complex disorders. This proposal explores how a specific environmental influence, inflammation and the medications that treat it, can selectively alter brain development and create vulnerability where none existed. Inflammation during fetal or early life substantially increases the relative risk of developing either Autism or Schizophrenia, but the mechanism(s) and sensitive periods by which inflammation confers this risk remain unknown. Pathologies of the cerebellum are frequently associated with both disorders but an effect of inflammation on this brain region has not been considered. Gender is also a major risk factor, with males at almost four times the risk of Autism or (ASD) and an earlier onset of Schizophrenia with more severe symptoms. Many sex differences in the brain are determined by developmental gonadal hormone exposure. Using the laboratory rat, we propose to explore the novel concept that inflammation during a restricted sensitive period leads to excess prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates aromatase activity and estradiol synthesis locally within the cerebellum. Excessive estradiol stunts the outgrowth of Purkinje neuron dendrites by up regulating GABA synthesis. Conversely, exposure to anti-inflammatory medications such as NSAIDs or acetominophen, has the opposite effect, causing exuberant dendritic sprouting. Ultimately, disruption of the normal course of cerebellar development produces changes in juvenile behaviors such as social play, anxiety and somatosensory sensitivity.
Four specific aims will systematically explore a series of hypotheses by determining;SA#1) the sensitive period for prostaglandin modulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell dendritic development, SA#2) the mechanism(s) of prostaglandin modulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell dendritic development, SA#3) the effects and mechanism(s) of endogenous and exogenous estradiol on cerebellar Purkinje cell development and SA#4) whether manipulations that impact Purkinje cell development during a sensitive period have consequences for behaviors deemed indicators of behavioral changes associated with autism or schizophrenia. The data generated by these experiments will highlight a previously unexpected source of risk for developmental neuropsychiatric disease, prostaglandins elevated during inflammation and/or the frequently used medications designed to block inflammation.

Public Health Relevance

Among the environmental variables contributing to the relative risk of Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia is inflammation during fetal or early life. Pathologies of the cerebellum are frequently associated with these neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding how inflammation and the medications taken to treat it impact on the developing cerebellum will provide important mechanistic insight into the origins of these disorders of mental health.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
5R01MH091424-03
Application #
8242868
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (ZMH1-ERB-L (02))
Program Officer
Desmond, Nancy L
Project Start
2010-07-23
Project End
2015-01-31
Budget Start
2012-02-01
Budget End
2013-01-31
Support Year
3
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$371,250
Indirect Cost
$123,750
Name
University of Maryland Baltimore
Department
Physiology
Type
Schools of Medicine
DUNS #
188435911
City
Baltimore
State
MD
Country
United States
Zip Code
21201
VanRyzin, Jonathan W; Pickett, Lindsay A; McCarthy, Margaret M (2018) Microglia: Driving critical periods and sexual differentiation of the brain. Dev Neurobiol 78:580-592
McCarthy, Margaret M; Wright, Christopher L (2017) Convergence of Sex Differences and the Neuroimmune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 81:402-410
McCarthy, Margaret M; Nugent, Bridget M; Lenz, Kathryn M (2017) Neuroimmunology and neuroepigenetics in the establishment of sex differences in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 18:471-484
Hoffman, Jessica F; Wright, Christopher L; McCarthy, Margaret M (2016) A Critical Period in Purkinje Cell Development Is Mediated by Local Estradiol Synthesis, Disrupted by Inflammation, and Has Enduring Consequences Only for Males. J Neurosci 36:10039-49
McCarthy, Margaret M; Pickett, Lindsay A; VanRyzin, Jonathan W et al. (2015) Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain. Horm Behav 76:3-10
McCarthy, Margaret M (2015) Incorporating Sex as a Variable in Preclinical Neuropsychiatric Research. Schizophr Bull 41:1016-20
Mong, Jessica A; McCarthy, Margaret M (2012) Brain sexual differentiation: clues toward the understanding of neural dysfunctions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:149
Dean, Shannon L; Knutson, Jessica F; Krebs-Kraft, Desiree L et al. (2012) Prostaglandin E2 is an endogenous modulator of cerebellar development and complex behavior during a sensitive postnatal period. Eur J Neurosci 35:1218-29
McCarthy, Margaret M; Arnold, Arthur P; Ball, Gregory F et al. (2012) Sex differences in the brain: the not so inconvenient truth. J Neurosci 32:2241-7
McCarthy, Margaret M (2011) What can development teach us about menopause? Brain Res 1379:109-18

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