The regulation of cardiovascular systems during muscle activity is poorly understood in people with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). In the past, disruptions in somatomotor and sympathetic control have been investigated separately in SCI. We propose to investigate the coupling of sympathetic and somatomotor control because it is relevant to exercise training paradigms that are designed to improve somatomotor function or enhance physical fitness. Our approach will be to measure tendon tap reflexes, voluntary muscle activation, and blood flow of the knee (below injury) and elbow (above injury) before and after sympathetic stimuli consisting of cold pressor tests, mental math and an acute bout of exercise. These data will provide information about sympathetic control of blood flow during muscle activity. Plasticity of the sympathetic- somatomotor coupling will also be investigated by making measurements before and after a treadmill training exercise program. These experiments will enable us to address three aims.
Aim 1 will be to characterize coupling of sympathetic and somatomotor systems below the level of spinal injury.
This aim will examine spinal sympathetic and motor reflexes and their interactions. It will also examine how descending somatomotor coupling is disrupted by the spinal injury.
In Aim 2, we will identify changes in the interactions of sympathetic and somatomotor systems above a spinal injury. Because of the injury and the changes that occur below the injury, the sympathetic-somatomotor coupling is also likely to be disrupted in the arm.
Aim 3 will then demonstrate plasticity of sympathetic-somatomotor coupling after exercise training. Three different eight week exercise training programs will be tested including 1) upper body ergometry, 2) treadmill training with exertion level matched to the upper body ergometry and 3) treadmill training with heart rate matched to an initial test of upper body ergometry. The exercise training will be tested in a randomized crossover study design with three months between exercise training paradigms. We anticipate that there will be plasticity of sympathetic-somatomotor coupling and that the exercise training effects will normalize control of these systems. However, because of the injury, we anticipate that adaptations will differ from non-injured controls. This study has implications for exercise training in human SCI. The coupling of sympathetic and somatomotor systems is expected to depend on whether exercise targets the upper or lower body. The recovery of function requires both the improvement in the control of movement as well as in the regulation of blood flow to active muscle groups. In addition, this study is important for understanding the potential impact of treadmill exercise training on cardiovascular fitness, a topic of increasing interest in people with limitations to physical activity.

Public Health Relevance

This research project is expected to have a direct impact on the clinical management of rehabilitation in people with spinal cord injury. The results from this study will have implications for exercise training and other therapeutic approaches to improve functional movement, including walking, in people with incomplete spinal cord injury.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
Type
Research Project (R01)
Project #
1R01NS079751-01A1
Application #
8513751
Study Section
Acute Neural Injury and Epilepsy Study Section (ANIE)
Program Officer
Ludwig, Kip A
Project Start
2013-08-15
Project End
2018-05-31
Budget Start
2013-08-15
Budget End
2014-05-31
Support Year
1
Fiscal Year
2013
Total Cost
$325,080
Indirect Cost
$61,705
Name
Marquette University
Department
Biomedical Engineering
Type
Schools of Engineering
DUNS #
046929621
City
Milwaukee
State
WI
Country
United States
Zip Code
53201
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Leech, Kristan A; Hornby, T George (2017) High-Intensity Locomotor Exercise Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Individuals with Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 34:1240-1248
Brazg, Gabrielle; Fahey, Meghan; Holleran, Carey L et al. (2017) Effects of Training Intensity on Locomotor Performance in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Crossover Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 31:944-954
Hornby, T George; Moore, Jennifer L; Lovell, Linda et al. (2016) Influence of skill and exercise training parameters on locomotor recovery during stroke rehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol 29:677-683
Leech, Kristan A; Kinnaird, Catherine R; Holleran, Carey L et al. (2016) Effects of Locomotor Exercise Intensity on Gait Performance in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Phys Ther 96:1919-1929
Kim, Hyosub E; Thompson, Christopher K; Hornby, T George (2015) Muscle activation varies with contraction mode in human spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve 51:235-45
Durand, Matthew J; Murphy, Spencer A; Schaefer, Kathleen K et al. (2015) Impaired Hyperemic Response to Exercise Post Stroke. PLoS One 10:e0144023
Kim, Hyosub E; Corcos, Daniel M; Hornby, T George (2015) Increased spinal reflex excitability is associated with enhanced central activation during voluntary lengthening contractions in human spinal cord injury. J Neurophysiol 114:427-39