Entry of HIV-1 into target cells involves the interaction of viral envelope proteins with specific cell surface receptors, leading ultimately to fusion of viral and host cell membranes. This multi-step process offers a number of potential targets for drug development. During the current funding period, significant progress was made towards understanding the viral dynamics, fitness consequences and clinical significance of ENF resistance. We now propose to extend these studies to HIV-1 isolates from patients treated with CCR5 inhibitors. Because of their critical role in virus entry, the chemokine co-receptors are attractive targets for drug development. Several small-molecule CCR5 inhibitors have demonstrated potent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro and in HIV-1-infected subjects, two of which (maraviroc and vicriviroc) are in advanced stages of clinical development. Studies of maraviroc- and vicriviroc-resistant HIV-1 isolates selected by in vitro passage show that these resistant viruses retain their R5 phenotype and continue to rely on CCR5 for entry [Pugach]. However, little is known about the properties of HIV-1 isolates selected by exposure to these inhibitors in vivo. In addition, scant information is available on shifts in the viral quasispecies in persons infected with dual-tropic or mixed R5 and X4 viruses under drug pressure. We therefore propose to analyze viral adaptation to replication in the presence of the CCR5 inhibitor vicriviroc using samples obtained from subjects with virologic failure in the phase 2 study of vicriviroc, AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5211. The following four specific aims are proposed: 1) To identify HIV-1 envelopes from vicriviroc-treated subjects with reduced CCR5 inhibitor susceptibility; 2) to identify genotypic changes in HIV-1 env associated with vicriviroc resistance in vivo; 3) to determine the effect of vicriviroc resistance on viral fitness; 4) to examine the entry kinetics of vicriviroc-resistant HIV-1. For this latter aim we will use the novel technology of massively parallel sequencing using microfabricated picoliter reactors. Results of these experiments will be highly relevant to understanding the mechanisms and consequences of resistance to this novel class of HIV- 1 therapeutics and will provide data that are essential to their proper use in the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals. ? ? ? ?

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
2R37AI055357-05A1
Application #
7338945
Study Section
AIDS Discovery and Development of Therapeutics Study Section (ADDT)
Program Officer
Ussery, Michael A
Project Start
2003-04-01
Project End
2012-06-30
Budget Start
2007-07-15
Budget End
2008-06-30
Support Year
5
Fiscal Year
2007
Total Cost
$434,000
Indirect Cost
Name
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Department
Type
DUNS #
030811269
City
Boston
State
MA
Country
United States
Zip Code
02115
Henrich, Timothy J; Hanhauser, Emily; Harrison, Linda J et al. (2016) CCR5-?32 Heterozygosity, HIV-1 Reservoir Size, and Lymphocyte Activation in Individuals Receiving Long-term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Infect Dis 213:766-70
Zhang, Jie; Gao, Xiang; Martin, John et al. (2016) Evolution of coreceptor utilization to escape CCR5 antagonist therapy. Virology 494:198-214
Henrich, Timothy J; Hanhauser, Emily; Hu, Zixin et al. (2015) Viremic control and viral coreceptor usage in two HIV-1-infected persons homozygous for CCR5 ?32. AIDS 29:867-76
Henrich, Timothy J; McLaren, Paul J; Rao, Suhas S P et al. (2014) Genome-Wide Association Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Coreceptor Usage in Treatment-Naive Patients from An AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 1:ofu018
Lin, Nina H; Becerril, Carlos; Giguel, Francoise et al. (2012) Env sequence determinants in CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus type-1 subtype C. Virology 433:296-307
Putcharoen, Opass; Lee, Sun Hee; Henrich, Timothy J et al. (2012) HIV-1 clinical isolates resistant to CCR5 antagonists exhibit delayed entry kinetics that are corrected in the presence of drug. J Virol 86:1119-28
Tsibris, Athe M N; Hu, Zixin; Paredes, Roger et al. (2012) Vicriviroc resistance decay and relative replicative fitness in HIV-1 clinical isolates under sequential drug selection pressures. J Virol 86:6416-26
Henrich, Timothy J; Lewine, Nicolas R P; Lee, Sun-Hee et al. (2012) Differential use of CCR5 by HIV-1 clinical isolates resistant to small-molecule CCR5 antagonists. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:1931-5
Tsibris, Athe M N; Pal, Urboshi; Schure, Allison L et al. (2011) SHIV-162P3 infection of rhesus macaques given maraviroc gel vaginally does not involve resistant viruses. PLoS One 6:e28047
Kuritzkes, Daniel R (2011) Drug resistance in HIV-1. Curr Opin Virol 1:582-9

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