Total synthesis of the anticancer agent Taxol is not practical and, for the foreseeable future, the supply of this diterpenoid drug, and its precursors for semisynthesis, must continue to rely on biological processes involving the isolation from yew (Taxus) species or cell cultures derived therefrom. Improvement of these biological methods of production must be based upon a detailed understanding of the complex pathway for Taxol biosynthesis, the enzymes which catalyze the sequence of reactions, and the genes for these enzymes, especially those responsible for slow steps, since the molecular genetic manipulation of the pathway can be expected to lead the production of the drug in high yield at more reasonable cost. The goal of improving Taxol production will be reached by determining the types and order of enzymatic steps from the diterpenoid branch-point intermediate geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the end- product, by cDNA cloning of the responsible genes, and by assessing the flux contribution of each step (and of diversionary side routes) by gene overexpression and suppression. Defining this multistep pathway is accomplished through the use of cell-free enzyme systems from induced yew (Taxus) cultured cells, combined with in vivo feeding studies, to determine the progression from simple to complex metabolites. This systematic approach has identified several early, intermediate and late steps of the Taxol pathway, and provided the tools for cDNA isolation with which thirteen pathway genes have been obtained and characterized by a broad range of cloning and expression strategies.
The specific aims of this project are: 1. to clone and characterize the remaining five genes corresponding to intermediate enzymatic steps that complete modification of the taxoid core (Clp-hydroxylase, C9a-hydroxylase and C9 oxidase, C4,C20-epoxidase and oxomutase catalyzing formation the oxetane ring); 2. to clone and characterize the remaining two genes corresponding to the aroyl CoA ligase and C2'-hydroxylase needed to complete assembly of the C13 Af-benzoyl phenylisoserine side-chain; 3. to clone the corresponding genes and characterize the taxoid C7-0-, C9-O-, and C13-0-acetyltransferases which, along with taxoid 14p-hydroxylase, constitute major diversions of intermediate taxoids away from Taxol; and 4. to engineer Taxus cells for overexpression and suppression of each pathway (and side-route) gene, and to assess the influence on metabolic profile and yield as a means of ordering the sequence of reactions and defining flux controls at each step. Completion of these objectives will provide an understanding of Taxol biosynthesis and the foundation for multigene transgenic approaches to improve theproduction of Taxol, and of related intermediates for semisynthesis of Taxol and second generation taxoid drugs.

Agency
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Institute
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
Type
Method to Extend Research in Time (MERIT) Award (R37)
Project #
5R37CA055254-17
Application #
7269986
Study Section
Special Emphasis Panel (NSS)
Program Officer
Fu, Yali
Project Start
1991-07-01
Project End
2011-04-30
Budget Start
2007-05-01
Budget End
2008-04-30
Support Year
17
Fiscal Year
2007
Total Cost
$320,721
Indirect Cost
Name
Washington State University
Department
Biochemistry
Type
Schools of Earth Sciences/Natur
DUNS #
041485301
City
Pullman
State
WA
Country
United States
Zip Code
99164
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Kaspera, Rüdiger; Cape, Jonathan L; Faraldos, Juan A et al. (2010) Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Taxol oxetane ring D precursors. Tetrahedron Lett 51:2017-2019
Hampel, Daniela; Mau, Christopher J D; Croteau, Rodney B (2009) Taxol biosynthesis: Identification and characterization of two acetyl CoA:taxoid-O-acetyl transferases that divert pathway flux away from Taxol production. Arch Biochem Biophys 487:91-7
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Ketchum, Raymond E B; Wherland, Lea; Croteau, Rodney B (2007) Stable transformation and long-term maintenance of transgenic Taxus cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Rep 26:1025-33
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Jennewein, Stefan; Park, Hangil; DeJong, Jinghong M et al. (2005) Coexpression in yeast of Taxus cytochrome P450 reductase with cytochrome P450 oxygenases involved in Taxol biosynthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 89:588-98
Long, Robert M; Croteau, Rodney (2005) Preliminary assessment of the C13-side chain 2'-hydroxylase involved in taxol biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 338:410-7

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